Yield and Composition Variations of the Milk from Different Camel Breeds in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Locations
2.2. Milk Yield
2.3. Milk Composition
2.4. Purification and Electrophoresis of Casein from Different Camel Breeds
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Seasonal Variation in Milk Yield
3.2. Seasonable Variability in the Milk Composition of Saudi Camel Breeds
3.3. Fractionation of Camel Casein and Cream
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breeds | Milk Yield (kg/Week) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
Majahem | 45.0 ± 4.1 a | 41.9 ± 2.4 a | 31.33 ± 0.77 a | 34.0 ± 3.1 a |
Safra | 39.3 ± 5.1 b | 30.7 ± 3.4 b | 30.07 ± 0.85 a | 31.1 ± 6.2 a,b |
Wadha | 41.9 ± 5.6 a,b | 39.1 ± 2.0 a | 25.3 ± 1.2 b | 27.1 ± 4.6 b |
Hamra | 39.9 ± 4.7 b | 40.1 ± 1.3 a | 30.5 ± 0.52 a | 34.7 ± 6.6 a |
Breed | Saudi Camel Clan Milk Composition | |||||||||||
Fat% | Protein% | Lactose% | ||||||||||
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
Majahem | 3.65 ± 0.34 | 1.91 ± 0.06 b | 2.81 ± 0.52 | 3.47 ± 0.18 a | 3.15 ± 0.04 a | 2.61 ± 0.05 b | 2.72 ± 0.08 | 3.10 ± 0.03 | 4.73 ± 0.06 a,d | 3.92 ± 0.07 b | 4.08 ± 0.12 | 4.65±0.04 a |
Safra | 4.00 ± 0.12 | 1.77 ± 0.20 b | 2.68 ± 0.62 | 3.91 ± 0.41 a | 2.93 ± 0.05 b | 2.90 ± 0.09 a | 2.76 ± 0.25 | 3.05 ± 0.06 | 4.40 ± 0.07 b,c | 4.23 ± 0.04 b | 4.14 ± 0.37 | 4.63 ± 0.06 a |
Wadha | 3.78 ± 0.27 | 2.26 ± 0.11 b | 1.53 ± 0.22 | 3.43 ± 0.18 a | 3.18 ± 0.05 a | 2.67 ± 0.10 b | 2.78 ± 0.10 | 3.12 ± 0.09 | 4.77 ± 0.07 d | 3.89 ± 0.11 b | 4.18 ± 0.15 | 4.67 ± 0.07 a |
Hamra | 4.04 ± 0.14 | 3.87 ± 0.26 a | 2.47 ± 0.45 | 2.25 ± 0.23 b | 3.05 ± 0.05 a,b | 2.95 ± 0.02 a | 2.89 ± 0.09 | 2.93 ± 0.04 | 4.56 ± 0.04 a,c | 4.64 ± 0.20 a | 4.35 ± 0.14 | 4.40 ± 0.06 b |
Breed | Saudi Camel Clans’ Milk Composition | |||||||||||
Salt% | SNF% | pH | ||||||||||
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
Majahem | 0.71 ± 0.01 a,d | 0.58 ± 0.01 b | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.01 a | 8.60 ± 0.11 a | 7.14 ± 0.13 | 7.43 ± 0.23 | 8.74 ± 0.08 a | 6.71 ± 0.015 a | 6.37 ± 0.02 b | 6.71 ± 0.07 | 6.83 ± 0.01 a |
Safra | 0.66 ± 0.11 b,c | 0.63 ± 0.01 a | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 0.69 ± 0.01 a | 8.00 ± 0.14 b | 7.70 ± 0.08 | 7.53 ± 0.68 | 8.42 ± 0.12 a | 6.61 ± 0.023 b | 6.50 ± 0.01 a | 7.01 ± 0.10 | 6.82 ± 0.02 a |
Wadha | 0.71 ± 0.01 d | 0.58 ± 0.01 b | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.011 a | 8.55 ± 0.19 a | 7.08 ± 0.20 | 7.60 ± 0.28 | 8.52 ± 0.14 a | 6.79 ± 0.021 c | 6.40 ± 0.02 b | 6.49 ± 0.09 | 6.87 ± 0.03 a |
Hamra | 0.68 ± 0.01 a,c | 0.66 ± 0.01 a | 0.65 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.01 b | 8.33 ± 0.08 a,b | 7.70 ± 0.39 | 7.88 ± 0.24 | 7.97 ± 0.11 b | 6.77 ± 0.02 c,d | 6.48 ± 0.01 a | 6.50 ± 0.15 | 6.72 ± 0.28 b |
From 100 mL of Camel Milk | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Safra | Wadha | Hamra | Majahem | |
Cream | 6.76 ± 1.09 a | 2.69 ± 0.76 b | 3.33 ± 0.87 b | 4.35 ± 0.73 b |
Casein | 1.73 ± 0.45 b | 2.29 ± 0.56 a | 2.07 ± 0.42 | 1.86 ± 0.39 b |
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El-Hanafy, A.A.; Saad, Y.M.; Alkarim, S.A.; Almehdar, H.A.; Alzahrani, F.M.; Almatry, M.A.; Uversky, V.N.; Redwan, E.M. Yield and Composition Variations of the Milk from Different Camel Breeds in Saudi Arabia. Sci 2023, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5010002
El-Hanafy AA, Saad YM, Alkarim SA, Almehdar HA, Alzahrani FM, Almatry MA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Yield and Composition Variations of the Milk from Different Camel Breeds in Saudi Arabia. Sci. 2023; 5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Hanafy, Amr A., Yasser M. Saad, Saleh A. Alkarim, Hussein A. Almehdar, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Mohammed A. Almatry, Vladimir N. Uversky, and Elrashdy M. Redwan. 2023. "Yield and Composition Variations of the Milk from Different Camel Breeds in Saudi Arabia" Sci 5, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5010002