Making Light Work of Metal Bending: Laser Forming in Rapid Prototyping
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Laser Forming Mechanisms
2.1. Temperature Gradient Mechanism (TGM)
2.2. Buckling Mechanism (BM)
2.3. Upsetting Mechanism (UM)
2.4. Coupling Mechanism
3. Design Considerations for Laser Forming
3.1. Laser and Substrate Selection
3.2. Cooling Effects in Laser Forming
3.3. Macro-Scale Laser Forming
3.4. Laser Forming Curved Surfaces
3.5. Micro-Laser Forming
3.6. Laser Forming for Rapid Prototyping
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Turner, N.; Goodwine, B.; Sen, M. A review of origami applications in mechanical engineering. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2016, 230, 2345–2362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernandez, E.A.P.; Hartl, D.J.; Lagoudas, D.C. Introduction to Active Origami Structures. In Active Origami; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 1–53. ISBN 978-3-319-91865-5. [Google Scholar]
- Felton, S.; Tolley, M.; Demain, E.; Rus, D.; Wood, R. A method for building self-folding machines. Science 2014, 345, 644–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, A.; Miller, M.; Fok, M.; Nilsson, K.; Tsz Ho Tse, Z. Intracardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Catheter With Origami Deployable Mech. Med. Devices 2016, 10, 020957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Takano, T.; Miura, K.; Natori, M.; Hanayama, E.; Inoue, T.; Noguchi, T.; Miyahara, N.; Nakaguro, H. Deployable antenna with 10-m maximum diameter for space use. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2004, 52, 2–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tachi, T. Origamizing Polyhedral Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 2010, 16, 298–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zirbel, S.A.; Lang, R.J.; Thomson, M.W.; Sigel, D.A.; Walkemeyer, P.E.; Trease, B.P.; Magleby, S.P.; Howell, L.L. Accommodating Thickness in Origami-Based Deployable Arrays. J. Mech. Des. 2013, 135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, R.J.; Tolman, K.A.; Crampton, E.B.; Magleby, S.P.; Howell, L.L. A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering. Appl. Mech. Rev. 2018, 70, 010805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tachi, T.; Hull, T.C. Self-Foldability of Rigid Origami. J. Mech. Robot. 2017, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, R.J.; Howell, L. Rigidly Foldable Quadrilateral Meshes From Angle Arrays. J. Mech. Robot. 2018, 10, 021004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zirbel, S.A.; Trease, B.P.; Magleby, S.P.; Howell, L.L. Deployment Methods for an Origami-Inspired Rigid-Foldable Array. In Proceedings of the 40th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, Baltimore, MD, USA, 14–16 May 2014; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Greenbelt, MD, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, J.; Magleby, S.P.; Howell, L.L. An Approach to Designing Origami-Adapted Aerospace Mechanisms. J. Mech. Des. 2016, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitney, J.P.; Sreetharan, P.S.; Ma, K.Y.; Wood, R.J. Pop-up book MEMS. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2011, 21, 115021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahmed, S.; McGough, K.; Ounaies, Z.; Frecker, M. Origami-Inspired Folding and Unfolding of Structures: Fundamental Investigations of Dielectric Elastomer-Based Active Materials. In Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems; American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Houston, TX, USA, 2013; p. V001T01A029/1-6. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, G.J.; Liu, Y.; Genzer, J.; Lazzi, G.; Dickey, M.D. Self-Folding Origami Microstrip Antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2014, 62, 5416–5419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tolley, M.T.; Felton, S.M.; Miyashita, S.; Aukes, D.; Rus, D.; Wood, R.J. Self-folding origami: Shape memory composites activated by uniform heating. Smart Mater. Struct. 2014, 23, 094006/1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.H.; Tan, L.-S. Origami-Inspired Fabrication: Self-Folding or Self-Unfolding of Cross-Linked-Polyimide Objects in Extremely Hot Ambience. ACS Macro Lett. 2019, 8, 546–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Upcraft, S.; Fletcher, R. The rapid prototyping technologies. Assem. Autom. 2003, 23, 318–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ligon, S.C.; Liska, R.; Stampfl, J.; Gurr, M.; Mülhaupt, R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10212–10290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Das, S.; Bourell, D.L.; Babu, S.S. Metallic materials for 3D printing. Mrs Bull. 2016, 41, 729–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bak, D. Rapid prototyping or rapid production? 3D printing processes move industry towards the latter. Assem. Autom. 2003, 23, 340–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agarwala, M.; Bourell, D.; Beaman, J.; Marcus, H.; Barlow, J. Direct selective laser sintering of metals. Rapid Prototyp. J. 1995, 1, 26–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duda, T.; Raghavan, L.V. 3D Metal Printing Technology. IFAC Pap. 2016, 49, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panchagnula, J.S.; Simhambhatla, S. Manufacture of complex thin-walled metallic objects using weld-deposition based additive manufacturing. Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 2018, 49, 194–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, J.; Marciniak, Z.; Duncan, J. Mechanics of Sheet Metal Forming; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2002; ISBN 978-0-08-049651-1. [Google Scholar]
- Qattawi, A.; Abdelhamid, M.; Mayyas, A.; Omar, M. Design Analysis for Origami-Based Folded Sheet Metal Parts. SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. 2014, 7, 488–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walczyk, D.F.; Vittal, S. Bending of Titanium Sheet Using Laser Forming. J. Manuf. Process. 2000, 2, 258–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleveland, R.M.; Ghosh, A.K. Inelastic effects on springback in metals. Int. J. Plast. 2002, 18, 769–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tseng, A.A.; Jen, K.P.; Chen, T.C.; Kondetimmamhalli, R.; Murty, Y.V. Forming properties and springback evaluation of copper beryllium sheets. Met. Mater. Trans. A 1995, 26, 2111–2121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagoner, R.H.; Lim, H.; Lee, M.-G. Advanced Issues in springback. Int. J. Plast. 2013, 45, 3–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abvabi, A.; Rolfe, B.; Hodgson, P.D.; Weiss, M. The influence of residual stress on a roll forming process. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2015, 101, 124–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, J.H.; Yahata, B.D.; Hundley, J.M.; Mayer, J.A.; Schaedler, T.A.; Pollock, T.M. 3D printing of high-strength aluminium alloys. Nature 2017, 549, 365–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomson, G.; Pridham, M.S. Controlled laser forming for rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyp. J. 1997, 3, 137–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clausen, H.B. DTU Plate Forming by Line Heating; Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering, Technical University of Denmark: Lyngby, Denmark, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Scully, K. Laser Line Heating. J. Ship Prod. 1987, 3, 237–246. [Google Scholar]
- Magee, J.; Watkins, K.G.; Steen, W.M. Advances in laser forming. J. Laser Appl. 1998, 10, 235–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geiger, M.; Vollertsen, F. The Mechanisms of Laser Forming. Cirp Ann. 1993, 42, 301–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Vollertsen, F. Modelling of laser forming—An review. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2009, 46, 834–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, P.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yao, Y.L.; Mika, D.P.; Zhang, W.; Graham, M.; Marte, J.; Jones, M. Laser Forming of Varying Thickness Plate—Part I: Process Analysis. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2006, 128, 634–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Yao, Y.L. Laser Bending of Tubes: Mechanism, Analysis, and Prediction. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2001, 123, 674–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tam, A.C.; Poon, C.C.; Crawforth, L. Laser Bending of Ceramics and Application to Manufacture Magnetic Head Sliders in Disk Drives. Anal. Sci. Suppl. 2002, 17, s419–s421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Folkersma, G.; Römer, G.-W.; Brouwer, D.; in ’t Veld, B.H. In-plane laser forming for high precision alignment. Opt. Eng. 2014, 53, 126105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Y.; Xu, X.; Yao, Z.; Hu, J. Laser peen forming induced two way bending of thin sheet metals and its mechanisms. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 073117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yocom, C.J.; Zhang, X.; Liao, Y. Research and development status of laser peen forming: A review. Opt. Laser Technol. 2018, 108, 32–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arcella, F.G.; Froes, F.H. Producing titanium aerospace components from powder using laser forming. JOM 2000, 52, 28–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laeng, J.; Stewart, J.G.; Liou, F.W. Laser metal forming processes for rapid prototyping - A review. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2000, 38, 3973–3996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kant, R.; Joshi, S.N.; Dixit, U.S. 4—Research issues in the laser sheet bending process. In Materials Forming and Machining; Woodhead Publishing Reviews: Mechanical Engineering Series; Davim, J.P., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2016; pp. 73–97. ISBN 978-0-85709-483-4. [Google Scholar]
- Omidvar, M.; Fard, R.K.; Sohrabpoor, H.; Teimouri, R. Selection of laser bending process parameters for maximal deformation angle through neural network and teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm. Soft Comput. 2015, 19, 609–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambiase, F. An Analytical Model for Evaluation of Bending Angle in Laser Forming of Metal Sheets. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2012, 21, 2044–2052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dearden, G.; Edwardson, S.P. Some recent developments in two-and three-dimensional laser forming for macro and micro applications. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 2003, 5, S8–S15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Yao, Z.; Shen, H.; Hu, J. Research on the mechanisms of laser forming for the metal plate. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 2006, 46, 1689–1697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnet, H.; Vollertsen, F. Extending Laser Bending for the Generation of Convex Shapes. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 1995, 209, 433–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Yao, Y.L.; Srinivasan, V. Optimal Process Planning for Laser Forming of Doubly Curved Shapes. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2004, 126, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwardson, S.P.; Dearden, G. Laser Assisted Forming for Ship Building; Sail: Williamsburg, VA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Steen, W.M.; Mazumder, J. Laser Bending or Forming. In Laser Material Processing; Steen, W.M., Mazumder, J., Eds.; Springer: London, UK, 2010; pp. 389–416. ISBN 978-1-84996-062-5. [Google Scholar]
- Che Jamil, M.S.; Sheikh, M.A.; Li, L. A study of the effect of laser beam geometries on laser bending of sheet metal by buckling mechanism. Opt. Laser Technol. 2011, 43, 183–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vollertsen, F.; Komel, I.; Kals, R. The laser bending of steel foils for microparts by the buckling mechanism-a model. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1995, 3, 107–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Experimental and numerical modeling of buckling instability of laser sheet forming. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 2002, 42, 1427–1439. [CrossRef]
- Lazarus, N.; Smith, G.L. Laser Forming for Complex 3D Folding. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2017, 2, 1700109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yao, Z.; Shen, H. A study on bending direction of sheet metal in laser forming. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 053101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Yao, Y.L. Buckling based laser forming process: Concave or convex. In International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics; Laser Institute of America: Orlando, FL, USA, 2000; pp. D220–D229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Y.; Lien, J.-M. Computational laser forming origami of convex surfaces. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Computational Fabrication—SCF ’1, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 16–18 June 2019; pp. 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Lazarus, N.; Smith, G.L. Laser Folding in a Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Process. Lasers Manuf. Mater. Process. 2018, 5, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H. Mechanism of laser micro-adjustment. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2008, 41, 245106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawrence, S. Developable Surfaces: Their History and Application. Nexus Netw. J. 2011, 13, 701–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maji, K.; Pratihar, D.K.; Nath, A.K. Forward and inverse predictions of deformations in laser forming of shaped surfaces under coupling mechanism. J. Laser Appl. 2018, 30, 032011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, G.; Xu, X. Experimental and 3D Finite Element Studies of CW Laser Forming of Thin Stainless Steel Sheets. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2000, 123, 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vásquez-Ojeda, C.; Ramos-Grez, J. Bending of stainless steel thin sheets by a raster scanned low power CO2 laser. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2009, 209, 2641–2647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paunoiu, V.; Squeo, E.A.; Quadrini, F.; Gheorghies, C.; Nicoara, D. Laser Bending of Stainless Steel Sheet Metals. Int J. Mater. 2008, 1, 1371–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaeh, M.F.; Hornfeck, T. Development of a robust laser beam bending process for aluminum fuselage structures. Prod. Eng. Res. Devel. 2008, 2, 149–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geiger, M.; Merklein, M.; Pitz, M. Laser and forming technology—An idea and the way of implementation. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2004, 151, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubiano, G.; Ramos, J.A.; Magee, J. Laser Bending of Thin Metal Sheets by Means of a Low Power CO2 Laser 537. In Proceedings of the 2000 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, USA; 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Magee, J.; Watkins, K.G.; Steen, W.M.; Calder, N.J.; Sidhu, J.; Kirby, J. Laser forming of aerospace alloys. In International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics; Laser Institute of America: Orlando, FL, USA, 1997; pp. E156–E165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kitada, K.; Asahi, N. Laser adjustment of beryllium copper sheet using temperature gradient mechanism. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2003; Volume 4830, pp. 30–35. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, S.Q.; Liu, A.H.; Wang, X.X.; Chen, Z. The Bending Forming Mechanism of Copper Alloy by Different Lasers. Adv. Mater. Res. 2014, 968, 142–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gärtner, E.; Frühauf, J.; Löschner, U.; Exner, H. Laser bending of etched silicon microstructures. Microsyst. Technol. 2001, 7, 23–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, W.; Zhang, L.C.; Wang, X. Laser Bending of Silicon Sheet: Absorption Factor and Mechanisms. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2013, 135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.-J.; Ma, G.-Y.; Liu, S.; Wang, X.-Y.; Guo, D.-M. Experiments and simulation on laser bending of silicon sheet with different thicknesses. Appl. Phys. A 2010, 101, 517–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, G.; Guo, Y.; Guo, D. Laser bending of brittle materials. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2010, 48, 405–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Ma, G.; Niu, F.; Guo, D. Temperature Gradient Mechanism on Laser Bending of Borosilicate Glass Sheet. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2010, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bucher, T.; Cardenas, S.; Verma, R.; Li, W.; Lawrence Yao, Y. Laser Forming of Sandwich Panels With Metal Foam Cores. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2018, 140, 111015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guglielmotti, A.; Quadrini, F.; Squeo, E.A.; Tagliaferri, V. Laser Bending of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Panels. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2009, 11, 902–906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gisario, A.; Barletta, M. Laser forming of glass laminate aluminium reinforced epoxy (GLARE): On the role of mechanical, physical and chemical interactions in the multi-layers material. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2018, 110, 364–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seong, W.-J.; Jeon, Y.-C.; Na, S.-J. Ship-hull plate forming of saddle shape by geometrical approach. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2013, 213, 1885–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okamoto, Y.; Uno, Y.; Ohta, K.; Shibata, T.; Kubota, S.; Namba, Y. Study on Precision Laser Forming of Plastic with YAG Laser. J. Jpn. Soc. Precis. Eng. 2000, 66, 891–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okamoto, Y.; Miyamoto, I.; Uno, Y.; Takenaka, T. Deformation characteristics of plastics in YAG laser forming. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication, Bellingham, WA, USA, 8 October 2004; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2004; Volume 5662, pp. 576–581. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng, P.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yao, Y.L.; Mika, D.P.; Zhang, W.; Graham, M.; Marte, J.; Jones, M. Laser Forming of Varying Thickness Plate—Part II: Process Synthesis. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2006, 128, 642–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazarus, N.; Bedair, S.S.; Smith, G.L. Origami Inductors: Rapid Folding of 3-D Coils on a Laser Cutter. IEEE Electron. Device Lett. 2018, 39, 1046–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gautam, S.S.; Singh, S.K.; Dixit, U.S. Laser Forming of Mild Steel Sheets Using Different Surface Coatings. In Lasers Based Manufacturing: 5th International and 26th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference, AIMTDR 2014; Joshi, S.N., Dixit, U.S., Eds.; Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; Springer: New Delhi, India, 2015; pp. 17–39. ISBN 978-81-322-2352-8. [Google Scholar]
- Axelevitch, A.; Gorenstein, B.; Golan, G. Investigation of Optical Transmission in Thin Metal Films. Phys. Procedia 2012, 32, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rumble, J. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 101st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2020; ISBN 978-0-367-41724-6. [Google Scholar]
- Shidid, D.P.; Gollo, M.H.; Brandt, M.; Mahdavian, M. Study of effect of process parameters on titanium sheet metal bending using Nd: YAG laser. Opt. Laser Technol. 2013, 47, 242–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yau, C.L.; Chan, K.C.; Lee, W.B. Laser bending of leadframe materials. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1998, 82, 117–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hennige, T.; Holzer, S.; Vollertsen, F.; Geiger, M. On the working accuracy of laser bending. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1997, 71, 422–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fidder, H.; Ocelík, V.; Botes, A.; De Hosson, J.T.M. Response of Ti microstructure in mechanical and laser forming processes. J. Mater. Sci. 2018, 53, 14713–14728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walczak, M.; Ramos-Grez, J.; Celentano, D.; Lima, E.B.F. Sensitization of AISI 302 stainless steel during low-power laser forming. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2010, 48, 906–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, C.K.N. Continuous-Wave Laser Action on Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2. Phys. Rev. 1964, 136, A1187–A1193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lawrence, J. A comparative investigation of the efficacy of CO 2 and high-power diode lasers for the forming of EN3 mild steel sheets. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. B J. Eng. Manuf. 2002, 216, 1481–1491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Na, S.J. Development of irradiation strategies for free curve laser forming. Opt. Laser Technol. 2003, 35, 605–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silve, S.; Podschies, B.; Steen, W.M.; Watkins, K.G. Laser Forming —A New Vocabulary for Objects. In Proceedings of the ICALEO 1999, San Diego, FL, USA, 15–18 November 1999; Volume F, pp. 87–96. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Y.; Shen, H.; Yao, Z.; Hu, J. Temperature gradient mechanism in laser forming of thin plates. Opt. Laser Technol. 2007, 39, 858–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magee, J.; Sidhu, J.; Cooke, R.L. A Prototype laser forming system. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2000, 34, 339–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Namba, Y. Laser Forming in Space. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers ’85, Las Vegas, NV, USA; 1985; pp. 403–407. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.; Sun, S.; Guan, Y.; Ji, Z. Experimental study on negative laser bending process of steel foils. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2010, 48, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshioka, S.; Miyazaki, T.; Misu, T.; Oba, R.; Saito, M. Laser forming of thin foil by a newly developed sample holding method. J. Laser Appl. 2003, 15, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Peng, L.; Hu, J.; Yao, Z. Study on the mechanical behavior of laser micro-adjustment of two-bridge actuators. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2010, 20, 115010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tetzel, H.; Grden, M.; Vollertsen, F. Stress analysis based on strain measurement in sheet metal laser bending. Prod. Eng. Res. Devel. 2013, 7, 647–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, J.; Yao, Y.L. Cooling effects in multiscan laser forming. J. Manuf. Process. 2001, 3, 60–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambiase, F.; Di Ilio, A.; Paoletti, A. An experimental investigation on passive water cooling in laser forming process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2013, 64, 829–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seyedkashi, S.M.H.; Cho, J.R.; Lee, S.H.; Moon, Y.H. Feasibility of underwater laser forming of laminated metal composites. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2018, 33, 546–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Ran, M.; Hu, J.; Yao, Z. An experimental investigation of underwater pulsed laser forming. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2014, 62, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paramasivan, K.; Das, S.; Marimuthu, S.; Misra, D. Increment in laser bending angle by forced bottom cooling. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2018, 94, 2137–2147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Hu, J.; Yao, Z.Q. Cooling Effects in Laser Forming. Mater. Sci. Forum 2010, 663–665, 58–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambiase, F.; Di Ilio, A.; Paoletti, A. Productivity in multi-pass laser forming of thin AISI 304 stainless steel sheets. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2016, 86, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinizadeh, M.; Kiahosseini, S.R. Deformation, microstructure, hardness, and pitting corrosion of 316 stainless steel after laser forming: A comparison between natural and forced cooling. J. Mater. Res. 2017, 32, 3046–3054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arora, H.; Singh, R.; Brar, G.S. Thermal and structural modelling of arc welding processes: A literature review. Meas. Control. 2019, 52, 955–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geiger, M.; Vollertsen, F.; Deinzer, G. Flexible Straightening of Car Body Shells by Laser Forming; SAE: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1993; p. 930279. [Google Scholar]
- Dearden, G.; Edwardson, S.P.; Abed, E.; Watkins, K.G. Laser forming for the correction of distortion and design shape in aluminium structures using laser forming. In International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics; Laser Institute of America: Orlando, FL, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Gurova, T.; Estefen, S.F.; Leontiev, A.; de Oliveira, F.A.L. Welding residual stresses: A daily history. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2015, 20, 616–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavridis, J.; Papacharalampopoulos, A.; Stavropoulos, P. Quality assessment in laser welding: A critical review. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2018, 94, 1825–1847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.J.; Chen, J.; Qi, Y.G.; Yao, Z.Q. Processing strategy for laser forming of complicated singly curved shapes. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2009, 25, 925–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehrpouya, M.; Huang, H.; Venettacci, S.; Gisario, A. LaserOrigami (LO) of three-dimensional (3D) components: Experimental analysis and numerical modeling-part II. J. Manuf. Process. 2019, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castle, T.; Cho, Y.; Gong, X.; Jung, E.; Sussman, D.M.; Yang, S.; Kamien, R.D. Making the Cut: Lattice Kirigami Rules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 113, 245502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cheng, J.; Yao, Y.L. Process Design of Laser Forming for Three-Dimensional Thin Plates. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2004, 126, 217–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibraheem Imhan, K.; Btht, B.; Zakaria, A.; Shah B Ismail, M.I.; Hadi Alsabti, N.M.; Ahmad, A.K. Features of Laser Tube Bending processing based on Laser Forming: A Review. J. Laser Opt. Photonics 2018, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.Y.; Wang, J.; Xu, W.J.; Guo, D.M. Scanning path planning for laser bending of straight tube into curve tube. Opt. Laser Technol. 2014, 56, 43–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guglielmotti, A.; Quadrini, F.; Squeo, E.A.; Tagliaferri, V. Diode laser bending of tongues from slotted steel tubes. Int. J. Mater. 2009, 2, 107–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Che Jamil, M.S.; Imam Fauzi, E.R.; Juinn, C.S.; Sheikh, M.A. Laser bending of pre-stressed thin-walled nickel micro-tubes. Opt. Laser Technol. 2015, 73, 105–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, R.C.; Campbell, B.R.; Lehecka, T.M.; Palmer, J.A.; Knorovsky, G.A. Precision laser bending of thin precious metal alloys. In Proceedings of the Laser-Based Micro- and Nanopackaging and Assembly, Bellingham, WA, USA, 20 March 2007; Volume 6459, p. 64590U. [Google Scholar]
- Frühauf, J.; Gärtner, E.; Jänsch, E. Silicon as a plastic material. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 305–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, M.; Dirscherl, M.; Rank, M.; Zimmermann, M. Laser micro adjustment—From new basic process knowledge to the application. J. Laser Appl. 2007, 19, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Widlaszewski, J. Applications of laser forming in micro technologies. In Selected Problems of Modeling and Control in Mechanics; Wydawnictwo: Kielce, Poland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Hoving, W. Accurate Manipulation Using Laser Technology; Beckmann, L.H.J.F., Ed.; Proc. SPIE 3097: Munich, Germany, 1997; pp. 284–295. [Google Scholar]
- Zhuang, Z.; Lu, Z.; Huang, Z.; Liu, C.; Qin, W. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China Experimental study on edge effects in laser bending. Math. Biosci. Eng. 2019, 16, 4491–4505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shen, H.; Wang, H.; Hu, J.; Yao, Z. Processing Optimization in Multiheating Positions for Laser Thermal Adjustment of Actuators. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.R.; Xu, X. Laser bending for high-precision curvature adjustment of microcantilevers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 021114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Inoue, M.; Kawamata, H.; Tanaka, H. Thin Plate Formation Method, Thin Plate and Suspension Correction Apparatus, and Correction Method. U.S. Patent 7,624,610, 1 December 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Murata, A.; Mukae, H.; Maegawa, T.; Higashionji, M.; Okada, T. Rotary Head Adjuster. U.S. Patent 5,341,256, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Murata, A.; Mukae, H.; Maegawa, T.; Higashionji, M.; Okada, T. Rotary Magnetic Head Having Head Base Which is Bent Along Thermal Plastic Deformation Line. U.S. Patent 6,185,073, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Birnbaum, A.J.; Yao, Y.L. The Effects of Laser Forming on NiTi Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2010, 132, 41002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Folkersma, K.G.P.; Römer, G.R.B.E.; Brouwer, D.M.; Herder, J.L. High precision optical fiber alignment using tube laser bending. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2016, 86, 953–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Folkersma, G.; Brouwer, D.; Römer, G.-W. Microtube Laser Forming for Precision Component Alignment. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, Y.; Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J.; Kukla, C.; Felfer, P. Fused filament fabrication, debinding and sintering as a low cost additive manufacturing method of 316L stainless steel. Addit. Manuf. 2019, 30, 100861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lathers, S.; Mousa, M.; La Belle, J. Additive Manufacturing Fused Filament Fabrication Three-Dimensional Printed Pressure Sensor for Prosthetics with Low Elastic Modulus and High Filler Ratio Filament Composites. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 2017, 4, 30–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hegde, M.; Meenakshisundaram, V.; Chartrain, N.; Sekhar, S.; Tafti, D.; Williams, C.B.; Long, T.E. 3D Printing All-Aromatic Polyimides using Mask-Projection Stereolithography: Processing the Nonprocessable. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1701240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hull, C.W. Apparatus for Production of Three-Dimensional Objects by Stereolithography. U.S. Patent 6,027,324, 22 February 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Negi, S.; Dhiman, S.; Sharma, R.K. Basics, Applications and Future of Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A review. J. Manuf. Technol. Res. 2013, 5, 75. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, H.; Sheikholeslami, G.; Dearden, G.; Edwardson, S.P. Development of Scan Strategies for Controlled 3D Laser Forming of Sheet Metal Components. Phys. Procedia 2016, 83, 286–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, H.; Sheikholeslami, G.; Dearden, G.; Edwardson, S.P. Reverse Analysis of Scan Strategies for Controlled 3D Laser Forming of Sheet Metal. Procedia Eng. 2017, 183, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Na, S.J. 3D laser-forming strategies for sheet metal by geometrical information. Opt. Laser Technol. 2009, 41, 843–852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Na, S.J. Feedback control for 2D free curve laser forming. Opt. Laser Technol. 2005, 37, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwardson, S.P.; Abed, E.; Bartkowiak, K.; Dearden, G.; Watkins, K.G. Geometrical influences on multi-pass laser forming. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2006, 39, 382–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, G.L.; Lazarus, N.; McCormick, S. Laser Folded Antenna. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 16–18 July 2018; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, S.P. Effect of Surface Roughness on Eddy Current Losses at Microwave Frequencies. J. Appl. Phys. 1949, 20, 352–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kügler, H.; Vollertsen, F. Determining Absorptivity Variations of Multiple Laser Beam Treatments of Stainless Steel Sheets. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2018, 2, 84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chua, C.L.; Fork, D.K.; Schuylenbergh, K.V.; Lu, J.P. Out-of-plane high-Q inductors on low-resistance silicon. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 12, 989–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fidder, H.; Els-Botes, A.; Woudberg, S.; McGrath, P.J.; Ocelik, V.; de Hosson, J.T.M. A Study of Microstructural Fatigue and Residual Stress Evolution in Titanium Plates Deformed by Mechanical and Laser Bending. WIT Trans. Eng. Sci. Southampt. 2015, 91, 23–34. [Google Scholar]
- Sami Yilbas, B.; Khaled, M.; Akhtar, S.; Karatas, C. Laser bending of steel sheets: Corrosion testing of bended sections. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 2011, 63, 367–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Z.; Guzmán, C.; Liu, H.; Anacleto, A.; Francisco, T.; Abdoalshafie, M.; Ma, L.; Abodunrin, O.; Skeldon, P. Corrosion performance and restoration of laser-formed metallic alloy sheets. J. Laser Appl. 2009, 21, 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsen, F.O.; Alting, L. Pulsed Laser Materials Processing, ND-YAG versus CO2 Lasers. Cirp Ann. 1995, 44, 141–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazarus, N.; Wilson, A.A.; Smith, G.L. Contactless laser fabrication and propulsion of freely moving structures. Extrem. Mech. Lett. 2018, 20, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noor, Y.M.D.; Tam, S.C.; Lim, L.E.N.; Jana, S. A review of the Nd: YAG laser marking of plastic and ceramic IC packages. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1994, 42, 95–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehrlich, D.J.; Tsao, J.Y. A review of laser–microchemical processing. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B: Microelectron. Process. Phenom. 1983, 1, 969–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osgood, R.M.; Deutsch, T.F. Laser-Induced Chemistry for Microelectronics. Science 1985, 227, 709–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kindle, C.; Castonguay, A.; McGee, S.; Tomko, J.A.; Hopkins, P.E.; Zarzar, L.D. Direct Laser Writing from Aqueous Precursors for Nano to Microscale Topographical Control, Integration, and Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Mixed Metal Oxides. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 2581–2586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wachs, I.E. Raman and IR studies of surface metal oxide species on oxide supports: Supported metal oxide catalysts. Catal. Today 1996, 27, 437–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalinushkin, V.P.; Uvarov, O.V.; Gladilin, A.A. Photoluminescent Tomography of Semiconductors by Two-Photon Confocal Microscopy Technique. J. Electron. Mater. 2018, 47, 5087–5091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bachmann, A.L.; Dickey, M.D.; Lazarus, N. Making Light Work of Metal Bending: Laser Forming in Rapid Prototyping. Quantum Beam Sci. 2020, 4, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs4040044
Bachmann AL, Dickey MD, Lazarus N. Making Light Work of Metal Bending: Laser Forming in Rapid Prototyping. Quantum Beam Science. 2020; 4(4):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs4040044
Chicago/Turabian StyleBachmann, Adam L., Michael D. Dickey, and Nathan Lazarus. 2020. "Making Light Work of Metal Bending: Laser Forming in Rapid Prototyping" Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 4: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs4040044