Influence of Color on Loudness Perception of Household Appliances: Case of a Coffee Maker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Auditory and Visual Stimuli
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Design and Procedure
2.3.1. Experimental Room
2.3.2. Experimental Design
3. Results
3.1. General Results
3.2. Results per Gender
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of General Results
4.2. Discussion of Results per Gender
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The results of this study show that the loudness of the household appliance investigated, while positively affected by sound levels, is not appreciably affected by its color. The ANOVA analysis of the data revealed a p-value of 0.148, thus indicating no statistical significance.
- (2)
- These results show that the findings of some previous studies relating the color of vehicles to loudness may not translate to the context of household appliances.
- (3)
- Three different approaches to interpreting possible differences in the evaluation of loudness were discussed: associations of colors with specific object characteristics, the context of the measurements, and the association with the visual features of the colors. A possible impact on this study may have been the latter factor; however, without causing a statistical significance in the total results.
- (1)
- The results of this study show that there was a significant interaction between color and gender. The ANOVA (repeated measures) conducted revealed that color was a significant factor (p = 0.012) for female subjects.
- (2)
- The post-hoc analysis revealed that the pairs of means that contributed to the significant F value were between black and light green and between dark green and light green.
- (3)
- Similar studies on perceived loudness should take into account possible gender-based differences and effects.
- (4)
- Since this study showed that there are gender-based differences in the effect of color on the perception of loudness in the case of household appliances, this could possibly be utilized for product sound design and product marketing where the appropriate use of color has been found to be effective.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Color | RGB | HEX | RGBA (Blender) |
---|---|---|---|
Black | (0, 0, 0) | 000000 | (0, 0, 0, 1) |
Red | (179, 0, 0) | B30000 | (0.451, 0, 0, 1) |
Dark Green | (0, 100, 0) | 006400 | (0, 0.127, 0, 1) |
Light Blue | (92, 179, 255) | 5CB3FF | (0.107, 0.451, 1, 1) |
Light Green | (219, 249, 219) | DBF9DB | (0.708, 0.947, 0.708, 1) |
White | (255, 255, 255) | FFFFFF | (1, 1, 1, 1) |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color | 0.0605 | 5 | 0.01211 | 1.669 | 0.148 |
Residual | 0.8343 | 115 | 0.00725 | ||
Level | 37.6833 | 3 | 12.56109 | 218.668 | <0.001 |
Residual | 3.9636 | 69 | 0.05744 | ||
Color * dB | 0.0663 | 15 | 0.00442 | 0.877 | 0.591 |
Residual | 1.7381 | 345 | 0.00504 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color | 0.0605 | 5 | 0.01211 | 1.831 | 0.113 |
Color * Gender | 0.1069 | 5 | 0.02139 | 3.235 | 0.009 |
Residual | 0.7273 | 110 | 0.00661 | ||
Level | 37.6833 | 3 | 12.56109 | 214.051 | <0.001 |
Level * Gender | 0.0906 | 3 | 0.03018 | 0.514 | 0.674 |
Residual | 3.8731 | 66 | 0.05868 | ||
Color * dB | 0.0663 | 15 | 0.00442 | 0.881 | 0.586 |
Color * dB * Gender | 0.0834 | 15 | 0.00556 | 1.109 | 0.347 |
Residual | 1.6547 | 330 | 0.00501 |
Comparison | Mean Difference | SE | dF | t | pTukey | pScheffé | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color | Color | ||||||
red | black | −0.02840 | 0.01425 | 11.0 | −1.9925 | 0.403 | 0.576 |
dgreen | −0.04313 | 0.01621 | 11.0 | −2.6604 | 0.161 | 0.292 | |
blue | −0.01308 | 0.02095 | 11.0 | −0.6242 | 0.987 | 0.994 | |
lgreen | 0.01152 | 0.01272 | 11.0 | 0.9056 | 0.937 | 0.971 | |
white | −0.01430 | 0.01407 | 11.0 | −1.0165 | 0.903 | 0.953 | |
black | dgreen | −0.01473 | 0.00478 | 11.0 | −3.0788 | 0.085 | 0.175 |
blue | 0.01533 | 0.02112 | 11.0 | 0.7258 | 0.974 | 0.989 | |
lgreen | 0.03992 | 0.00998 | 11.0 | 4.0010 | 0.019 | 0.050 | |
white | 0.01410 | 0.01438 | 11.0 | 0.9807 | 0.915 | 0.959 | |
dgreen | blue | 0.03006 | 0.02276 | 11.0 | 1.3203 | 0.769 | 0.873 |
lgreen | 0.05465 | 0.01234 | 11.0 | 4.4275 | 0.010 | 0.028 | |
white | 0.02883 | 0.01620 | 11.0 | 1.7791 | 0.514 | 0.679 | |
blue | lgreen | 0.02460 | 0.01566 | 11.0 | 1.5707 | 0.631 | 0.775 |
white | −0.00123 | 0.01278 | 11.0 | −0.0959 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
lgreen | white | −0.02582 | 0.01220 | 11.0 | −2.1170 | 0.345 | 0.516 |
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Papadakis, N.M.; Zantzas, A.; Lafazanis, K.; Stavroulakis, G.E. Influence of Color on Loudness Perception of Household Appliances: Case of a Coffee Maker. Designs 2022, 6, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060101
Papadakis NM, Zantzas A, Lafazanis K, Stavroulakis GE. Influence of Color on Loudness Perception of Household Appliances: Case of a Coffee Maker. Designs. 2022; 6(6):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060101
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadakis, Nikolaos M., Andreas Zantzas, Konstantinos Lafazanis, and Georgios E. Stavroulakis. 2022. "Influence of Color on Loudness Perception of Household Appliances: Case of a Coffee Maker" Designs 6, no. 6: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060101