Determination of Atorvastatin with Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reactives and Solutions
2.2. Electrochemical Measurements
2.3. Analysis of Phramaceutical Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sensors in KCl Solution and Potassium Ferrocyanide/KCl Solution
3.2. Study of the Electrochemical Behavior of the Sensors in Atorvastatin Solition (Support Electrolyte Solution KCl 10−1 M)
3.3. Influence of the Scan Rate on the Sensors’ Responses
3.4. Calibration Curve and Detection Limit
3.5. Atorvastatin Determination in the Pharmaceutical Products
3.6. Recovery Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor | Epa (V) | Epc (V) | E1/2 (V) | E (V) | Ia (µA) | Ic (µA) | Ic/Ia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPCE | 0.334 | 0.118 | 0.226 | 0.216 | 25.95 | −21.94 | 0.84 |
AuNP-CNT/SPCE | 0.272 | 0.156 | 0.214 | 0.116 | 31.31 | −28.02 | 0.89 |
Electrode | Geometric Area (cm2) | Active Area (cm2) | Roughness Factor |
---|---|---|---|
SPCE | 0.1256 | 0.2836 | 2.25 |
AuNP-CNT/SPCE | 0.9842 | 7.84 |
Electrode | Equation | R2 | (mol × cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|
SPCE | Ip = 1.32 × 10−4 v + 2.53 × 10−5 | 0.9956 | 1.11 × 10−11 |
AuNP-CNT/SPCE | Ip = 2.39 × 10−4 v + 3.65 × 10−5 | 0.9950 | 4.94 × 10−10 |
Sensor | Equation of the Linear Calibration Curve | R2 | LOD (µM) | LOQ (µM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPCE | Ipa = 0.0383 c + 2.2746 | 0.9716 | 6.75 × 10−7 | 2.25 × 10−6 |
AuNP-CNT/SPCE | Ipa = 0.0252 c + 10.762 | 0.9892 | 1.92 × 10−7 | 6.39 × 10−7 |
Sensitive Materials | Detection Technique | Linear Range (μM) | LOD (μM) | Real Sample | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PbTe NPs/SPE 1 | cronAmp | 1–70 | 0.05 | Tablet urine | [34] |
GCE 2 | DPV | 1–50 | 0.2 | Tablet | [12] |
SWV | 0–3 | ||||
Fe3O4@PPy/MWCNTs/GE 3 | SWASV | 0.0314–201 | 0.0230 | Tablet and human serum | [38] |
AgNWs/Au/GCE 4 | CV DPV | 10 × 10−6–1 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−3 | Tablet | [14] |
EPPGE 5 | DP VSWV | 0.0960–5.60 0.0960–7.74 | 21.0 23.0 | Tablet | [13] |
PPY/CNTs/GCE 6 | LSV | 0.005–1.0 | 0.0015 | Tablet | [39] |
ZnO/NS/CPE 7 | DPV SWV | 1.00–12.0 0.01–0.1 | 7 × 10−4 1.2 × 10−4 | Tablet and urine | [11] |
PPY-GNs/GCE 8 | DPV | 20.0–200 | 1.20 | Tablet | [40] |
VACNT-GO electrode 9 | DPAdSV | 0.09–3.81 | 9.4 × 10−3 | Urine and human serum | [41] |
CPE in the presence of CTAB 10 | DPV | 0.05–10 | 4.08 × 10−3 | Tablet and urine | [42] |
Product | Atorvastatin Quantity Reported by the Manufacturer (mg/cp) | Atorvastatin Quantity Experimentally Determined | |
---|---|---|---|
CV (mg/cp) method | FTIR (mg/cp) method | ||
Sortis 20 mg | 20 | 20 ± 1 | 21 ± 2 |
Sortis 10 mg | 10 | 10 ± 0.5 | 10.5 ± 0.5 |
Atorvastatin Concentration (×106 M) | Atorvastatin Quantity (×106 M) | Recovery (%) ± RSD (n = 5) |
---|---|---|
3 | 3.03 | 100.5 ± 0.9 |
5 | 4.97 | 99.4 ± 0.8 |
7 | 7.06 | 100.9 ± 0.9 |
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Gunache, R.O.; Bounegru, A.V.; Apetrei, C. Determination of Atorvastatin with Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials. Inventions 2021, 6, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6030057
Gunache RO, Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Determination of Atorvastatin with Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials. Inventions. 2021; 6(3):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6030057
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunache (Roșca), Ramona Oana, Alexandra Virginia Bounegru, and Constantin Apetrei. 2021. "Determination of Atorvastatin with Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials" Inventions 6, no. 3: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6030057