Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ship Power System Architectures, Loads and Sources
2.1. Ship Power System Architectures
2.1.1. Traditional Ship Power System Architectures
2.1.2. Modern Power System Architectures
2.1.3. Comparison of ac and dc Power Systems and Impact on Power Quality
2.2. Loads in Maritime Power Systems and Their Impact on Power Quality
2.3. Power Sources in Ship Power Systems
3. Power Quality Issues and Regulations Applicable to Ship Microgrids
4. Energy Storage Solution for Power Quality Improvement
4.1. Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) for Ship Microgrids
4.1.1. Battery Energy Storage Systems
4.1.2. Supercapacitors
4.1.3. Flywheels
4.1.4. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems
4.1.5. Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
4.2. Managing Power Quality Issues
4.2.1. Managing Voltage Sags/Dips
4.2.2. Managing Voltage Unbalance
4.2.3. Managing Harmonics and Resonance Issues
4.2.4. Managing Frequency Excursions
4.3. Challenges of Incorporating Power Quality Mitigation Strategies to ESSs
5. Concluding Remarks
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Time Constant |
---|---|
Ship run-up time | 20 to 500 s |
Gas turbine generator | 5 to 10 s |
Propulsion motor | 1 to 5 s |
Propulsion motor stator leakage time constant | 1 to 10 ms |
Propulsion motor rotor time constant | 50 ms to 1 s |
Motor service loads | 0.5 to 1 s |
DC-DC converters | 100 to 500 ms |
Pulse width modulation | 0.5 to 2 ms |
Power Quality Issue | Possible Cause(s) |
---|---|
Voltage Sag/Dips | Bow Thruster [32], Electronic Rapid-Response Weapons [33] |
Voltage Variations (Flicker) | Radar Systems [34] |
Voltage Swell | Radar Systems [34] |
Frequency Drop | Switching of Large Loads [35] |
Harmonics | Power Electronically Interfaced Loads and Generators [36] |
Quantity in Operation | Variations | |
---|---|---|
Permanent | Transient (Recovery Time) | |
Frequency | ±5% | ±10% (5 s) |
Voltage | +6% to −10% | ±20% (1.5 s) |
Power Distortion Limits | Notes |
---|---|
No Measures are to be taken | |
No Measures are to be taken | |
Conduct analysis to ensure STANAG 1008 requirements are still valid with respect to voltage harmonics |
Energy Storage Type | Advantages | Disadvantages/Challenges |
---|---|---|
Batteries | Low maintenance, high energy density (Li-ion) | Relatively low power density, relatively short cycle life |
Supercapacitors | Longer life-spam, fast charge and discharge capability | High cost per watt, low energy density |
Flywheels | Anti-humid characteristic, high power density | Low energy density, mechanical issues |
SMES | High Storage Efficiency, rapid response | Expensive, cooling issues |
Hybrid ESS | Can exploit the advantages of two or even more technologies | Expensive, require complex control algorithms |
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Jayasinghe, S.G.; Meegahapola, L.; Fernando, N.; Jin, Z.; Guerrero, J.M. Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects. Inventions 2017, 2, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions2010004
Jayasinghe SG, Meegahapola L, Fernando N, Jin Z, Guerrero JM. Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects. Inventions. 2017; 2(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions2010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayasinghe, Shantha Gamini, Lasantha Meegahapola, Nuwantha Fernando, Zheming Jin, and Josep M. Guerrero. 2017. "Review of Ship Microgrids: System Architectures, Storage Technologies and Power Quality Aspects" Inventions 2, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions2010004