The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Soybean Meal on the Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Health of Juvenile Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Diets
2.2. Fish and Experimental Rearing Conditions
2.3. Collection of Samples
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) Staining
2.6. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Whole-Body Composition
3.3. Plasma Biochemical Indices
3.4. Results of Plasma Antioxidants Indices
3.5. Results of Hepatic Tissue Structure
3.6. Results of Intestine Tissue Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material (%) | Replacing FM with ESBM Levels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | |
Fish meal 1 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 0 |
Chicken meal 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Soybean meal 1 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Enzymatic soybean meal 2 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 |
Cottonseed meal 1 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
Rapeseed meal 1 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
Wheat meal 1 | 14.33 | 14.33 | 14.33 | 14.33 | 14.33 | 14.33 |
Rice bran 1 | 15.65 | 13.64 | 11.62 | 9.60 | 7.57 | 5.55 |
Soybean oil | 0.67 | 1.29 | 1.92 | 2.55 | 3.18 | 3.81 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 2.00 | 2.33 | 2.66 | 3.00 | 3.33 | 3.66 |
Vitamin premix for omnivorous fish 3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Trace element premix for omnivorous fish 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Lysine (98.5%) | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.46 |
DL-methionine | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
Vitamin C phosphates | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Choline chloride | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Proximate Composition (dry basis) | ||||||
Moisture (%) | 8.56 | 8.51 | 8.47 | 8.51 | 8.55 | 8.47 |
Crude protein (%) | 35.31 | 35.26 | 35.32 | 35.31 | 35.32 | 35.33 |
Gross energy (MJ/kg) | 15.31 | 15.29 | 15.28 | 15.26 | 15.22 | 15.21 |
Crude lipid (%) | 7.83 | 7.79 | 7.81 | 7.83 | 7.84 | 7.83 |
Crude fiber (%) | 7.62 | 7.35 | 7.08 | 6.81 | 6.53 | 6.26 |
P (%) | 1.47 | 1.45 | 1.46 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.48 |
Item | Methods and Testing Equipment |
---|---|
Moisture | Dried to constant weight in an oven at 105 °C. |
Protein | Determined by Hanon K1100 auto Kjeldahl apparatus (Jinan Hanon Instruments Co., Ltd., Jinan, China). |
Lipid | Determined by Hanon SOX606 auto fat analyzer (Jinan Hanon Instruments Co., Ltd., Jinan, China). |
Ash | Determined by burning at 550 °C for 5 h in an XL-2A intelligent muffle furnace (Hangzhou Zhuochi Instruments Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China). |
Alanine transaminase (ALT) | All plasma parameters were determined by assay kits (Mindray Bio Medical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) with a Mindray BS-400 automatic biochemical analyzer (Mindray Medical International Ltd., Shenzhen, China). |
Total cholesterol (TC) | |
Glucose (GLU) | |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | |
Albumin (ALB) | |
Triglyceride (TG) | |
Aspartic transaminase (AST) | |
Total protein (TP) | |
Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) | All hepatic antioxidant parameters and MDA levels were tested according to instructions of assay kits purchased from Jian Cheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | |
Catalase (CAT) | |
Glutathione (GSH) | |
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | |
Malondialdehyde (MDA) |
Parameters | Replacement Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | p Value | |
2 IW (g) | 45.00 ± 0.23 | 45.02 ± 0.13 | 44.98 ± 0.12 | 45.05 ± 0.13 | 45.05 ± 0.23 | 45.00 ± 0.15 | 0.99 |
3 FW (g) | 229.89 ± 4.62 | 231.44 ± 0.51 | 226.62 ± 3.57 | 231.95 ± 2.85 | 230.45 ± 1.17 | 229.03 ± 2.24 | 0.31 |
4 FCR | 1.27 ± 0.03 | 1.21 ± 0.02 | 1.22 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.08 | 1.26 ± 0.08 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | 0.21 |
5 SGR (%/d) | 1.03 ± 0.011 | 1.03 ± 0.003 | 1.02 ± 0.010 | 1.03 ± 0.008 | 1.02 ± 0.006 | 1.02 ± 0.008 | 0.61 |
6 WGR (%) | 410.86 ± 9.35 | 414.13 ± 2.54 | 403.80 ± 7.93 | 414.87 ± 6.86 | 411.56 ± 4.82 | 408.97 ± 6.18 | 0.41 |
7 VSI (%) | 5.77 ± 1.12 | 6.23 ± 1.04 | 6.89 ± 0.66 | 6.60 ± 0.92 | 6.64 ± 0.34 | 6.68 ± 0.81 | 0.27 |
8 SR (%) | 97.78 ± 3.85 | 100.00 | 97.78 ± 3.85 | 95.56 ± 7.70 | 97.78 ± 3.85 | 97.78 ± 3.85 | 0.90 |
9 HSI (%) | 4.19 ± 0.96 | 4.53 ± 0.71 | 5.36 ± 1.19 | 4.97 ± 0.91 | 5.28 ± 0.40 | 5.21 ± 0.88 | 0.16 |
10 CF (g/cm3) | 2.57 ± 0.31 | 2.62 ± 0.07 | 2.74 ± 0.20 | 2.64 ± 0.14 | 2.50 ± 0.11 | 2.47 ± 0.07 | 0.09 |
Parameter (% Wet Matter) | Replacement Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | p Value | |
Moisture | 75.39 ± 0.40 | 76.12 ± 0.84 | 75.78 ± 0.59 | 75.59 ± 0.90 | 76.00 ± 0.83 | 75.72 ± 0.94 | 0.87 |
Crude protein | 16.83 ± 0.78 | 16.61 ± 0.31 | 16.11 ± 0.59 | 17.10 ± 0.84 | 16.69 ± 0.61 | 16.72 ± 0.61 | 0.83 |
Crude lipid | 1.84 ± 0.10 | 1.70 ± 0.04 | 1.66 ± 0.12 | 1.64 ± 0.16 | 1.61 ± 0.02 | 1.66 ± 0.10 | 0.16 |
Crude ash | 4.77 ± 0.12 | 4.69 ± 0.24 | 4.65 ± 0.37 | 4.55 ± 0.13 | 4.32 ± 0.12 | 4.58 ± 0.35 | 0.37 |
Parameter | Replacement Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | p Value | |
ALB (g/L) | 11.13 ± 0.82 | 11.11 ± 0.84 | 11.53 ± 1.46 | 10.75 ± 0.94 | 12.66 ± 2.26 | 11.74 ± 1.64 | 0.14 |
ALT (U/L) | 4.60 ± 1.53 | 4.43 ± 0.69 | 5.15 ± 0.73 | 4.24 ± 0.79 | 4.69 ± 1.25 | 5.19 ± 1.19 | 0.41 |
AST (U/L) | 100.28 ± 14.17 a | 98.94 ± 12.41 a | 108.85 ± 24.13 ab | 111.81 ± 10.83 ab | 114.61 ± 12.82 ab | 123.19 ± 11.79 b | 0.02 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.73 ± 0.63 | 5.50 ± 0.35 | 5.60 ± 0.50 | 5.40 ± 0.59 | 5.73 ± 0.23 | 5.46 ± 0.48 | 0.65 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.91 ± 0.23 c | 1.70 ± 0.11 ab | 1.76 ± 0.15 bc | 1.57 ± 0.13 ab | 1.63 ± 0.20 ab | 1.51 ± 0.18 a | 0.01 |
GLU (g/L) | 6.11 ± 1.64 | 6.92 ± 1.21 | 5.62 ± 1.21 | 5.85 ± 1.04 | 6.64 ± 1.29 | 6.94 ± 0.78 | 0.15 |
TP (g/L) | 36.74 ± 1.15 a | 36.85 ± 2.02 a | 37.74 ± 3.57 ab | 36.30 ± 2.35 a | 40.92 ± 4.43 b | 38.79 ± 4.63 ab | 0.04 |
ALP (U/L) | 12.21 ± 4.71 | 9.58 ± 3.57 | 12.15 ± 4.99 | 10.14 ± 3.09 | 12.13 ± 4.38 | 11.88 ± 4.12 | 0.68 |
Parameters | Replacement Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | p Value | |
T-AOC (U/mL) | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.49 |
SOD (U/mL) | 22.22 ± 1.07 | 22.80 ± 0.92 | 22.46 ± 0.96 | 22.71 ± 0.46 | 22.82 ± 0.95 | 22.07 ± 1.37 | 0.56 |
CAT (U/mL) | 21.79 ± 7.49 abc | 13.79 ± 6.65 a | 30.78 ± 7.47 cd | 34.66 ± 9.76 d | 25.90 ± 11.50 bcd | 17.55 ± 10.05 ab | 0.01 |
GSH (mg/L) | 30.56 ± 9.93 ab | 51.24 ± 20.15 c | 36.84 ± 23.21 abc | 47.92 ± 21.33 bc | 30.28 ± 8.71 ab | 26.30 ± 9.25 a | 0.04 |
GPx (μmol/L) | 104.70 ± 42.39 a | 118.16 ± 36.44 a | 178.74 ± 10.42 c | 165.08 ± 41.42 bc | 119.09 ± 44.16 a | 128.95 ± 30.09 ab | 0.01 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 14.17 ± 5.50 | 12.52 ± 3.34 | 12.77 ± 4.24 | 13.80 ± 2.47 | 13.16 ± 4.17 | 9.88 ± 2.40 | 0.30 |
Replacement Levels (%) | Thickness of Mucosal Layer (mm) | Length of the Villous Epithelium (mm) | Number of Goblet Cells | Number of Goblet Cells per Unit Length (Cell/mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.48 ± 0.14 | 0.54 ± 0.12 | 14.93 ± 7.19 | 27.66 ± 10.52 |
20 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 12.90 ± 6.65 | 27.81 ± 13.26 |
40 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 13.00 ± 5.30 | 23.74 ± 8.95 |
60 | 0.52 ± 0.22 | 0.69 ± 0.30 | 15.47 ± 5.67 | 22.98 ± 3.33 |
80 | 0.40 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 11.47 ± 3.65 | 20.70 ± 6.37 |
100 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 24.13 ± 7.71 | 39.70 ± 9.21 |
p Value | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
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Uyisenga, A.; Liang, H.; Ren, M.; Huang, D.; Xue, C.; Yin, H.; Mi, H. The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Soybean Meal on the Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Health of Juvenile Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fishes 2023, 8, 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080423
Uyisenga A, Liang H, Ren M, Huang D, Xue C, Yin H, Mi H. The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Soybean Meal on the Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Health of Juvenile Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fishes. 2023; 8(8):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080423
Chicago/Turabian StyleUyisenga, Adolphe, Hualiang Liang, Mingchun Ren, Dongyu Huang, Chunyu Xue, Heng Yin, and Haifeng Mi. 2023. "The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Soybean Meal on the Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Health of Juvenile Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)" Fishes 8, no. 8: 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080423