Productivity of Fish and Crop Growth and Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in the FLOCponics System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design of BFT and Coupled FP Systems
2.2. Measurements of Water Properties
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and NGS Sequencing
2.4. Bioinformatic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth of Fish and Crops
3.2. Physicochemical Properties of Water in BFT and FP Systems
3.3. Difference of Bacterial Communities between FP and BFT Systems
3.4. Difference of Bacterial Communities between Fish Density in FP Systems
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Total Length (mm) | Body Weight (g) | F.C. 1 | Individual Growth Rate (%) 2 | Survival Rate (%) 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFT | 457.9 ± 25.8 b | 140.3 ±27.0 b | 1.6 | 27.3 | 100 |
5 kg/m2 | 479.7 ± 31.3 a | 168.2 ± 26.8 a | 0.9 | 52.6 | 91.6 |
10 kg/m2 | 473.8 ± 21.2 ab | 153.6 ± 24.7 ab | 1.0 | 39.4 | 97.8 |
15 kg/m2 | 458.7 ± 17.5 b | 143.8 ± 16.0 b | 1.6 | 30.5 | 97.8 |
20 kg/m2 | 456.2 ± 15.1 b | 132.9 ± 20.0 b | 3.0 | 20.6 | 99.4 |
Group | Total Weight (g) | Shoot Weight (g) | Shoot Length (mm) | Leaf Length (mm) | No. of Leaves |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydroponics | 103.0 ± 17.2 ns | 78.0 ± 19.6 ns | 199.0 ± 20.1 ns | 154.0 ± 4.2 ns | 15.6 ± 2.4 b |
5 kg/m2 | 104.0 ± 13.4 | 85.0 ± 8.7 | 199.0 ± 25.6 | 158.0 ± 17.5 | 16.0 ± 1.4 b |
10 kg/m2 | 101.0 ± 4.2 | 75.0 ± 14.1 | 192.0 ± 14.8 | 160.0 ± 14.6 | 17.0 ± 3.6 ab |
15 kg/m2 | 100.0 ± 13.7 | 79.0 ± 14.3 | 220.0 ± 20.9 | 177.0 ± 16.4 | 22.4 ± 3.9 a |
20 kg/m2 | 96.0 ± 4.2 | 73.0 ± 6.7 | 206.0 ± 20.7 | 162.0 ± 24.9 | 20.6 ± 1.8 a |
Temp 1 (°C) | DO 2 (mg/L) | pH (mV) | EC 3 (mS/cm) | TDS 4 (g/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFT | 25.7 ± 0.3 ns | 6.9 ± 0.5 a | 6.4 ± 0.9 ns | 0.5 ± 0.2 ns | 0.3 ± 0.1 ns |
5 kg/m2 | 25.7 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 ab | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
10 kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 0.5 ab | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
15 kg/m2 | 25.8 ± 0.7 | 8.4 ± 2.2 c | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
20 kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 1.0 a | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
Nutrients (mg/L) | Experimental Groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFT | 5 kg/m2 | 10 kg/m2 | 15 kg/m2 | 20 kg/m2 | |
Total-N | 25.4 | 15.4 | 23.5 | 57.5 | 15.7 |
NH4+-N | 0.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.9 ± 0.7 b | 0.8 ± 0.7 b | 1.7 ± 0.7 c |
NO2−-N | 0.2 ± 0.2 ns | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.5 |
NO3−-N | 17.2 ± 7.9 ns | 20.2 ± 7.2 | 27.5 ± 10.6 | 24.9 ± 12.5 | 34.1 ± 14.5 |
Total-P | 7.79 | 5.64 | 13.80 | 30.50 | 17.70 |
Na | 66.15 | 60.90 | 76.50 | 81.80 | 71.70 |
K | 14.20 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 6.70 | 4.30 |
Ca | 38.50 | 31.40 | 49.70 | 80.50 | 56.70 |
Mg | 8.55 | 6.40 | 8.10 | 11.60 | 9.10 |
Fe | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.15 |
Zn | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
Cu | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
S | 33.25 | 40.50 | 32.10 | 65.50 | 17.20 |
Cl | 25.35 | 24.30 | 20.00 | 36.20 | 12.10 |
Si | 12.05 | 13.53 | 13.87 | 14.78 | 13.89 |
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Hwang, J.-A.; Park, J.S.; Jeong, H.S.; Kim, H.; Oh, S.-Y. Productivity of Fish and Crop Growth and Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in the FLOCponics System. Fishes 2023, 8, 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080422
Hwang J-A, Park JS, Jeong HS, Kim H, Oh S-Y. Productivity of Fish and Crop Growth and Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in the FLOCponics System. Fishes. 2023; 8(8):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080422
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Ju-Ae, Jun Seong Park, Hae Seung Jeong, Hyeongsu Kim, and Seung-Yoon Oh. 2023. "Productivity of Fish and Crop Growth and Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in the FLOCponics System" Fishes 8, no. 8: 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080422