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Volume 11
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10.3390/fishes11070423
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Article

Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta

by
Nurgül Şen Özdemir
1,*,
Muammer Kırıcı
1,
Fatma Caf
1,
Muharrem Güneş
2,
Teoman Özgür Sökmen
3,
Cebrahil Türk
4 and
Nurullah Demir
5
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye
2
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Vocational School of Tercan, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24100 Erzincan, Türkiye
3
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Çayırlı Vocational School, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24500 Erzincan, Türkiye
4
Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye
5
Department of Food Processing, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fishes 2026, 11(7), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11070423
Submission received: 1 May 2026 / Revised: 8 July 2026 / Accepted: 10 July 2026 / Published: 17 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Physiology of Fishes)
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Abstract

Seasonal variability and reproductive investment influence oxidative metabolism in fish; however, the relationship between reproductive dynamics and antioxidant responses in freshwater cyprinids remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated seasonal and biological factors affecting antioxidant biomarkers in the gonads of Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta inhabiting the Karasu River (Türkiye). A total of 152 individuals were examined between April 2023 and March 2024, and reproductive indices (total body weight, gonad weight, and gonadosomatic index) were evaluated together with oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and principal coordinate analysis) were used to determine the factors shaping oxidative responses. Females exhibited higher reproductive investment, while reproductive activity increased during spring and summer, accompanied by elevated MDA levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. PERMANOVA identified season as the primary factor explaining variation in oxidative biomarkers (p = 0.001), followed by reproductive parameters, and PCO revealed clear seasonal separation among groups. These findings indicate that oxidative balance in gonadal tissues is strongly associated with seasonal reproductive cycles and environmental variability in wild freshwater cyprinids.
Keywords: Capoeta umbla; Capoeta trutta; gonadal antioxidant enzymes; gonadosomatic index; freshwater ecosystems Capoeta umbla; Capoeta trutta; gonadal antioxidant enzymes; gonadosomatic index; freshwater ecosystems
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MDPI and ACS Style

Şen Özdemir, N.; Kırıcı, M.; Caf, F.; Güneş, M.; Sökmen, T.Ö.; Türk, C.; Demir, N. Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta. Fishes 2026, 11, 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11070423

AMA Style

Şen Özdemir N, Kırıcı M, Caf F, Güneş M, Sökmen TÖ, Türk C, Demir N. Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta. Fishes. 2026; 11(7):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11070423

Chicago/Turabian Style

Şen Özdemir, Nurgül, Muammer Kırıcı, Fatma Caf, Muharrem Güneş, Teoman Özgür Sökmen, Cebrahil Türk, and Nurullah Demir. 2026. "Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta" Fishes 11, no. 7: 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11070423

APA Style

Şen Özdemir, N., Kırıcı, M., Caf, F., Güneş, M., Sökmen, T. Ö., Türk, C., & Demir, N. (2026). Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta. Fishes, 11(7), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11070423

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