A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. NIST Standardization
2.1. Overview
2.2. First Round
2.3. Second Round
2.4. Third Round
- PKE/KEM algorithms: Classic McEliece, CRYSTALS-Kyber, NTRU, Saber;
- Digital signature schemes: CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon, Rainbow.
- PKE/KEM algorithms: BIKE, FrodoKEM, HQC, NTRU Prime, SIKE;
- Digital signature schemes: GeMSS, Picnic, .
- The PKE/KEM algorithm is CRYSTALS-Kyber;
- Digital signatures are CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon, and , in which Dilithium is the main algorithm.
2.5. Fourth Round
2.6. Summary
3. Literature Overview
3.1. Research Status on PQC
3.2. The Theoretical Basis of Post-Quantum Cryptography
3.2.1. Lattice-Based Cryptography
3.2.2. Hash-Based Cryptography
3.2.3. Code-Based Cryptography
3.2.4. Multivariate Cryptography
3.2.5. Isogeny of Elliptic Curves
4. Current Implementation Status
4.1. Public Key Encryption/Key Encapsulation Mechanism
4.1.1. CRYSTALS-Kyber
4.1.2. BIKE
4.1.3. Classic McEliece
4.1.4. HQC
4.2. Digital Signatures Schemes
4.2.1. CRYSTALS-Dilithium
4.2.2.
4.2.3. Falcon
5. Discussion and Future Work
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Description |
---|---|
1 | At least as hard to break as AES128 |
2 | At least as hard to break as SHA256 |
3 | At least as hard to break as AES192 |
4 | At least as hard to break as SHA384 |
5 | At least as hard to break as AES256 |
Publications | Elsevier | IEEE | IET | IEICE | ACM | Springer | WoS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Last 5 years | 827 | 654 | 55 | 41 | 119 | 2210 | 2349 |
Total | 1393 | 805 | 103 | 100 | 147 | 2885 | 4822 |
Percentage | 59.37% | 81.24% | 53.4% | 41% | 81% | 76.6% | 48.71% |
Basis | Lattice | Hash | Code | Multivariate | Isogeny |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PKE/KEM | Kyber | - | McEliece | - | SIKE |
Signature | Dilithium, Falcon | HQC, BIKE | - | - |
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Dam, D.-T.; Tran, T.-H.; Hoang, V.-P.; Pham, C.-K.; Hoang, T.-T. A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race. Cryptography 2023, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030040
Dam D-T, Tran T-H, Hoang V-P, Pham C-K, Hoang T-T. A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race. Cryptography. 2023; 7(3):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030040
Chicago/Turabian StyleDam, Duc-Thuan, Thai-Ha Tran, Van-Phuc Hoang, Cong-Kha Pham, and Trong-Thuc Hoang. 2023. "A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race" Cryptography 7, no. 3: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030040