Next Article in Journal
Growth and Mechanical Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composites towards Future Bioremediation and Food Production in the Material Manufacturing Cycle
Previous Article in Journal
Effect of Menin Deletion in Early Osteoblast Lineage on the Mineralization of an In Vitro 3D Osteoid-like Dense Collagen Gel Matrix
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Biomimetics
Volume 7
Issue 3
10.3390/biomimetics7030102
biomimetics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth

by
Naresh Kumar
1,*,
Faiza Amin
2,
Danya Hashem
3,
Sara Khan
1,
Huma Zaidi
1,
Sehrish Rahman
1,
Tooba Farhan
1,
Syed Junaid Mahmood
4,
Muhammad Asif Asghar
5 and
Muhammad Sohail Zafar
3,6
1
Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
2
Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
3
Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
4
Plastic and Polymer Section, Applied Chemistry Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
5
Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
6
Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomimetics 2022, 7(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030102
Submission received: 31 May 2022 / Revised: 6 July 2022 / Accepted: 22 July 2022 / Published: 26 July 2022
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the pH of common beverages and to evaluate the effects of common acidic beverages on the surface hardness and weight loss of human tooth specimens. A total of 106 beverages were conveniently purchased from supermarkets in Karachi, Pakistan. Prior to evaluation, beverages were refrigerated or stored at room temperature in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Beverages were categorized into six groups: ‘Sports and Energy drinks’, ‘Water’, ‘Fruit Juices and Drinks’, ‘Sodas’, ‘Milk and Flavored Milk’ and ‘Teas and Coffee’. Using a pH meter, the pH of each beverage was measured in triplicate at room temperature. In addition, the influence of five highly acidic beverages on the weight loss and surface hardness of human tooth specimens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and the Vickers hardness tester, respectively. ‘Sports and Energy drinks’, ‘Fruits Juices and Drinks’ and ‘Sodas’ were the most acidic beverage categories, with a pH range of 3.00–5.00. A total of 33% of beverages tested in this study were highly acidic (pH less than 4.00), 29% of beverages were moderately acidic (pH 4.00–4.99) and 31% were mildly acidic (pH 5.00–6.99). Significant weight loss was observed in all immersed specimens compared to control counterparts (p < 0.05). Similarly, for surface hardness, five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi and Tang Orange) significantly decreased the surface hardness of specimens (p < 0.05). The pH levels of commonly available beverages in Pakistan are highly acidic, which may encourage loss of minerals from teeth; hence, affecting their surface hardness.
Keywords: beverages; pH; dental erosion; surface hardness; weight loss beverages; pH; dental erosion; surface hardness; weight loss

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kumar, N.; Amin, F.; Hashem, D.; Khan, S.; Zaidi, H.; Rahman, S.; Farhan, T.; Mahmood, S.J.; Asghar, M.A.; Zafar, M.S. Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth. Biomimetics 2022, 7, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030102

AMA Style

Kumar N, Amin F, Hashem D, Khan S, Zaidi H, Rahman S, Farhan T, Mahmood SJ, Asghar MA, Zafar MS. Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth. Biomimetics. 2022; 7(3):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030102

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kumar, Naresh, Faiza Amin, Danya Hashem, Sara Khan, Huma Zaidi, Sehrish Rahman, Tooba Farhan, Syed Junaid Mahmood, Muhammad Asif Asghar, and Muhammad Sohail Zafar. 2022. "Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth" Biomimetics 7, no. 3: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030102

APA Style

Kumar, N., Amin, F., Hashem, D., Khan, S., Zaidi, H., Rahman, S., Farhan, T., Mahmood, S. J., Asghar, M. A., & Zafar, M. S. (2022). Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth. Biomimetics, 7(3), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030102

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop