Leadership and the Promotion of Health and Productivity in a Changing Environment: A Multiple Focus Groups Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Leadership and the Integration of the Preventive System in Companies
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preventive Culture
3.1.1. Advantages of Preventive Culture
- Cost reduction: Preventive culture can help reduce the costs associated with occupational accidents and illnesses (ID2A-4: “Preventive culture avoids costs to companies and society in general”).
- Improved productivity: By reducing risks and improving working conditions, worker productivity can be increased (ID3A-5: “Preventive culture not only reduces accidents but also increases productivity”).
- Improved company image: A company that promotes preventive culture can improve its image and reputation, which can attract customers and employees (ID5A-6: “Preventive culture can contribute to improving the company’s image among workers and society”).
- Improved work climate: A company that promotes preventive culture fosters a safer, healthier, and more enjoyable work environment for employees (ID1A-7: “When we take care of our employees, they take care of us…”).
- Reduced absenteeism: By reducing risks and improving working conditions, the number of work absences can be decreased (ID8A-8: “A safe and healthy work environment helps us reduce absenteeism and retain our talent”).
3.1.2. Challenges and Obstacles in Implementing and Promoting Preventive Culture
- Lack of leadership: Leaders and managers must be committed to prevention and safety in the workplace, but in many cases, they are not. This may be due to a lack of knowledge about the benefits of prevention or a lack of resources to implement it.
- Lack of training and education: The lack of training and education in prevention and safety can be a significant obstacle to preventive culture. Workers and managers need to be informed about the risks and appropriate prevention measures.
- Lack of resources: The lack of financial resources and time can also be an obstacle to preventive culture. Implementing prevention measures can be costly and may require time and effort from the company.
- Resistance to change: In some companies, there may be resistance to change and the implementation of new prevention measures. Workers may feel that these measures are an additional burden and may be reluctant to change their way of working.
- ID7A-11: “If we want a safe and healthy company, we have to start from the top. Leaders and managers must commit to prevention and safety in the workplace and lead by example”.
- ID2A-12: “Training and education are key to promoting a preventive culture. Workers and managers need to be informed about the risks and appropriate prevention measures to be able to take preventive action”.
- ID6A-13: “Lack of resources can be an obstacle to prevention and safety, but we can also be creative and find effective and economical solutions. Sometimes, the best solutions are the simplest”.
- ID5A-14: “Resistance to change is normal, but we can also turn it into an opportunity for positive change. By involving workers in decision-making and making them part of the solution, we can overcome resistance and promote a positive preventive culture”.
3.2. Leadership
3.2.1. Participants’ Conceptions of Leadership
- Leadership is a process: The participants agreed that leadership is a process, not a quality or trait of a person. It was emphasized that leadership involves a set of actions and behaviors that are carried out in a specific context and can be learned and developed.
- Leadership is a relationship: OHS experts suggested that leadership involves a relationship between leaders and followers. The importance of communication, trust, and collaboration in leadership was emphasized, and it was emphasized that leadership should be understood as a dynamic relationship between people.
- Leadership involves a shared vision: Participants noted that leadership involves a shared vision between leaders and followers. It was suggested that leadership should involve all members of the organization in defining the vision, mission, and values of the company, and that it should be consistent with the organization’s goals and objectives.
- Leadership is necessary for promoting a preventive culture: OHS experts agreed that leadership is essential for promoting a preventive culture in the organization. It was suggested that leaders should be role models in ORP and should foster a culture of prevention and safety in the organization.
- The leader is important but not solely responsible: Although participants emphasized the importance of leadership in promoting a preventive culture, it was suggested that the leader is not solely responsible for OHS in the organization. The importance of the participation of all members of the organization in ORP was emphasized, and it was suggested that responsibility should be shared between leaders and followers.
- ID12B-9: “Safety and occupational health are a team effort. Leaders must lead by example, but all employees must feel part of the solution and be responsible for their own safety and that of their colleagues”.
- ID16B-5: “Prevention and safety are fundamental to the culture of any organization. Leadership must promote a shared vision that involves all employees, from executives to front-line workers”.
- ID14B-18: “Leadership in Occupational Safety and Health is a dynamic process that requires effective and constant communication. Leaders must be empathetic and understand the needs and concerns of their followers to foster an effective preventive culture”.
- ID11B-24: “Leaders in Occupational Safety and Health must be aware that responsibility is shared. It is not just about implementing prevention measures but ensuring that all employees feel involved and responsible for their own safety and that of their colleagues”.
3.2.2. Style and Leadership Role
3.3. Systemic Nature of Knowledge and Preventive Learning
3.4. Organizational Learning in the Framework of Psychosocial Leadership
3.5. The Methodology Aimed at Informal Training or Experiential Learning
3.6. Interdisciplinary Approach to Risk Prevention at Universities
- Level 1 (degree): Comprehensive multidisciplinary generalists.
- Level 2 (master): Safety and hygiene specialists.
- Level 3: Adapt other graduates’ knowledge for advisory, managerial, or technical roles.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The safety and prevention culture is crucial for effective management of OSH and requires integration into all processes and activities of the organization, as well as the commitment of both senior management and workers.
- Transformational leadership is necessary to bring about the change towards a safety and prevention culture in the organization.
- Training and learning are key to creating an effective safety and prevention culture in any organization.
- An integrated and collaborative perspective is essential for preventive learning, and learning needs to be addressed from an interdisciplinary perspective.
- The integration of risk prevention in universities is crucial to prepare professionals to face the challenges of the current job market.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Panel A | Panel B | Panel C | Panel D | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N participants (% relative) | 8 (23.5) | 9 (26.5) | 9 (26.5) | 8 (23.5) | 34(100) | |
Age Range | 25–34 | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 2 (5.9) |
35–44 | 5 (62.5) | 0 | 0 | 2 (25) | 7 (20.6) | |
45–54 | 0 | 6 (66.7) | 5 (55.6) | 0 | 11 (32.3) | |
55–64 | 3 (37.5) | 2 (22.2) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (62.5) | 14 (41.2) | |
Profession | Directors and Managers | 2 (25) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (11.1) | 6 (75) | 14 (41.2) |
STEM Technicians 1 | 4 (50) | 4 (44.4) | 0 | 2 (25) | 10 (29.4) | |
University professors | 2 (25) | 0 | 8 (88.9) | 0 | 10 (29.4) | |
Economic Sector | Secondary | 3 (37.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 3 (37.5) | 9 (26.5) |
Tertiary | 5 (62.5) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (100) | 5 (62.5) | 25 (73.5) | |
Work Area | Corporate | 3 (37.5) | 8 (88.9) | 0 | 7 (87.5) | 18 (52.9) |
Public Administration | 5 (62.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (20.6) | |
Public University | 0 | 0 | 9 (100) | 0 | 9 (26.5) | |
Experience in OHS | Policy and Management | 2 (25) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (11.1) | 6 (75) | 13 (38.2) |
Job Design and Risk Prevention | 1 (12.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | 4 (11.8) | |
Promoting a Culture of Prevention | 2 (25) | 0 | 8 (88.) | 0 | 10 (29.4) | |
Supervision, Evaluation, and Training | 3 (37.5) | 2 (22.2) | 0 | 2 (25) | 7 (20.6) |
Categories | Preventive Culture | Leadership | Training and Learning |
---|---|---|---|
Subcategories | Concept | Concept | Systemic nature of knowledge and preventive learning. |
Advantages | Leadership style | Organizational learning in the framework of psychosocial leadership | |
Challenges and obstacles | Leader competencies | Informal or on-the-job learning methodologies | |
Responsibilities | Interdisciplinarity of university training in OSH | ||
Key Ideas | Safe culture and prevention: joint commitment to protect work | Transformational leadership: guiding safety and prevention progress | On-the-job training and learning: building an effective safety culture and training professionals prepared for new work challenges |
Characteristics | Quotes and Experiences |
---|---|
Importance of knowledge management and preventive learning in the work environment | “The other day at the factory, we realized that the safety training we received really helped us prevent an accident. It’s amazing how preventive knowledge can make a difference on the job” (ID4A-12). |
“I never realized how much education influences our safety at work until I participated in a training course and saw how we could apply what we learned in our daily work” (ID2A-6). | |
“The other day, a colleague told me how his experience in another country helped him identify a risk in our workplace. It made me think about how preventive knowledge has no borders and how we can learn from different cultures and approaches” (ID5A-20). | |
Need for collaboration between the different systems and actors involved. | “At the last company meeting, we talked about how the public and private spheres can work together to improve workplace safety. It was interesting to see how all the systems are connected and how they influence each other” (ID3A-4). |
“I was impressed to see how public-private collaboration in our area improved working conditions overall. It really shows that, together, we can achieve great things” (ID7A-15). | |
“Our boss always reminds us that safety is everyone’s responsibility. So, we share our experiences and learn from each other, which helps us adapt to the specific needs of each position” (ID1A-9). |
Characteristics | Quotes and Experiences |
---|---|
Communication and Collaboration | “Our manager always encourages us to share our ideas and experiences in team meetings” (ID6A-21). |
“By collaborating across the different levels of our organization, we were able to overcome communication barriers” (ID8A-3). | |
“I remember when we implemented ‘mentoring’ in our company. The guidance from more experienced employees really made a difference in how we adapted and learned in our work” (ID4A-19). | |
Organizational Learning and Safety | “In one training, we were taught to understand the context in which we work and how that affects our health and safety” (ID2A-10). |
“We once had a training where the leader taught us how to apply critical thinking in our daily work. That helped us identify and address risks more effectively and improve our safety” (ID5A-22). | |
Psychosocial Leadership and Engagement | “Since our company adopted a psychosocial leadership approach, the work environment has greatly improved. We all feel more valued and are more committed to our work and job security” (ID13B-8). |
“I’ve noticed that by encouraging interaction and support among colleagues, our company has created a space where learning flows naturally and helps us deal with work challenges more effectively” (ID9B-17). |
Characteristic | Quotes and Experiences |
---|---|
Experiential learning and knowledge sharing | “In our organization, we have established spaces to exchange ideas and knowledge with colleagues from other departments. This enriches our work experience and helps us gain different perspectives on our work” (ID10B-5). |
Experiential learning, adaptation and continuous learning | “Our focus on informal learning promotes continuous learning, enables us to adapt quickly to changes in the work environment, and helps us develop skills to meet new challenges” (ID15B-19). |
Focus on informal learning | “In our company, we realized that learning from experience and sharing knowledge with our colleagues is key. We now focus more on informal learning and see how it helps us in our day-to-day work” (ID14B-7). |
Encouraging experiential learning and job satisfaction | “With the support of our company, we have participated in workshops and activities that foster experiential learning. These experiences have not only helped us grow professionally and strengthen our commitment to safety and prevention but also increased our job satisfaction” (ID11B-13). |
Encouraging participation | “I had the opportunity to participate in a professional exchange program, and it was an eye-opening experience. I learned a lot from my colleagues and was able to apply that knowledge in my work” (ID12B-3). |
Needs-oriented training | “Planning training interventions in our company has been very helpful. It allows us to address our individual and professional needs and makes us feel more involved in the learning process” (ID16B-11). |
Integrating prevention into learning | “By integrating occupational risk prevention into our learning, we have achieved a safer and more collaborative work environment, where we all support each other to achieve our goals” (ID17B-6). |
Characteristics | Quotes and Experiences |
---|---|
Safety audits and risk prevention standards | “We once had a safety audit and realized that we were not following any risk prevention regulations. That made us rethink the way we work and start complying with regulations” (ID25C-10). |
Management commitment to training | “You know, folks, companies have the opportunity to improve the training of their staff, but there is a lack of management commitment and government support” (ID27D-6). |
Effects of inadequate work demands | “In my last company, the boss made us work overtime without pay, and there was no risk prevention technician. In the end, many of us ended up sick or injured” (ID18C-19). |
Risk prevention technician’s roles and impact as a change agent | “The risk prevention technician should act as a change agent and mediator, and it would be helpful to clarify and complement their roles to improve the effectiveness of their actions” (ID33D-14). |
Impact of risk prevention training | “I remember a company where I worked, where the risk prevention technician was really committed. He organized workshops and trainings for all employees, and that helped to reduce the number of occupational accidents. This example shows how a well-prepared and committed technician can make a difference in the safety and wellbeing of workers” (ID22C-7). |
Positive impact of the creation of a risk prevention committee | “I remember that, at my old job, a risk prevention committee was formed, and from that point on, things improved. There was more communication and awareness of occupational hazards” (ID29D-3). |
Training offer for managers | “It seems to me that the training offer for managers and senior managers is not up to par, and that affects risk prevention in companies” (ID21C-3). |
Perception of university degrees | “I have noticed that current university degrees are not preparing professionals to manage resilient and healthy organizations” (ID28D-8). |
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Miño-Terrancle, J.; León-Rubio, J.M.; León-Pérez, J.M.; Cobos-Sanchiz, D. Leadership and the Promotion of Health and Productivity in a Changing Environment: A Multiple Focus Groups Study. Safety 2023, 9, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9030045
Miño-Terrancle J, León-Rubio JM, León-Pérez JM, Cobos-Sanchiz D. Leadership and the Promotion of Health and Productivity in a Changing Environment: A Multiple Focus Groups Study. Safety. 2023; 9(3):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9030045
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiño-Terrancle, Julio, José M. León-Rubio, José M. León-Pérez, and David Cobos-Sanchiz. 2023. "Leadership and the Promotion of Health and Productivity in a Changing Environment: A Multiple Focus Groups Study" Safety 9, no. 3: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9030045
APA StyleMiño-Terrancle, J., León-Rubio, J. M., León-Pérez, J. M., & Cobos-Sanchiz, D. (2023). Leadership and the Promotion of Health and Productivity in a Changing Environment: A Multiple Focus Groups Study. Safety, 9(3), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9030045