Gulf of Mexico Seafood Harvesters, Part 2: Occupational Health-Related Risk Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Scant research has addressed the health and occupational health risks among Gulf of Mexico fishermen.”—Ann K. Carruth et al., 2010 [1]
1.1. The Problem
1.2. Purpose
2. Method and Materials
3. Results
3.1. Musculoskeletal Hazards
- Törner et al. (1988)—74% of Swedish fishers reported musculoskeletal symptoms over the previous 12 months; more than half experienced low back symptoms [14].
- Norrish and Cryer (1990)—lifting, lowering, loading, and unloading boxes by New Zealand deep sea fishers represented 39% of compensated cases of which back strains accounted for two-thirds of the strain and sprain type injuries and 36% of compensation cost [15].
- Jensen (1996)—sprains and strains represented 10% of injuries among Danish fishers, 10% of which were back injuries [16].
- Kucera et al. (2008)—detailed the time that crabbers spend on tasks by the captain and each of two deck hands in a study of low back stress [19].
3.2. Aquatic Animal Hazards
“In the maritime environment, characterized by a great biodiversity, employees can be, during their work, exposed to chemical and above all biological substances.”—David Lucas, et al., 2006 [27]
- Sponges are covered with an irritating slime and the sponge body has spikes that can enhance the damage and irritate skin from contact; this effect can last for up to two weeks.
- Some jellyfish and the Portuguese man-of-war have tentacles that can puncture and inoculate the skin and deliver venom causing envenomation with immediate toxic action with severe pain and either rapid or delayed allergic reaction.
- Marine worms can bite divers with powerful jaws and cause severe pain. Mussel harvesters come in contact with the worms, but rarely receive bites.
- Some single shell mollusks and gastropods can inject venom.
- Cone snails can inject a neurotoxin that induces neuromuscular blockage, progressive paralysis, and possible death.
- Some species of starfish, such as the crown of thorns, are venomous and sea urchins and sea cucumbers produce toxins that can cause irritations.
- Crustaceans can cause severe allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, and claw-related injuries.
3.3. Skin Hazards
3.4. Ocular Hazards
“From sea to shining sea!”—Katharine Lee Bates, 1893 [44]
3.5. Breathing Hazards
3.6. Hearing Hazards
3.7. Near Shore Mariculture Hazards
- (1) noise or electric shock from the wash machine and high pressure washer; (2) the sun’s ultraviolet radiation; (3) cold or warm conditions, humidity, rain, water, and water used in cleaning; (4) cuts from equipment or shellfish; (5) slips, trips, and falls on the boat, wet and slippery floors, and shellfish discard on the floor, (6) drowning; (7) biological exposures from rodents, insects, snakes, and aquatic animals; (8) inadequate posture related to tools and workplace layout; and (9) manual material handling and lifting excessive weight.
- A pain perception analysis over a 12-month period of nine oyster mariculturists resulted in the highest pain complaints made at the shoulder (62%) followed by lower back (50%); wrists, hands, and fingers (38%); upper back (38%); neck (25%); elbows (12%); forearm (12%); hips and thighs (12%); and knees (12%).
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Implications of the Hazards
4.2.1. Musculoskeletal Disorder Hazards
4.2.2. Aquatic Animal Hazards
4.2.3. Skin Hazards
4.2.4. Ocular Hazards
4.2.5. Breathing Hazards
4.2.6. Hearing Hazards
4.2.7. Near Shore Mariculture Hazards
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Literature Reviewed
Area and Topic | Problem | Source |
---|---|---|
Gulf of Mexico, n = 2 | ||
Marine | Sting ray injuries | Forrester 2005 [29] |
Fishing | Noise | Levin et al., 2016 [61] |
Atlantic Coast USA, n = 19 | ||
Fishing | Cataract | Taylor et al., 1988 [54] |
Fishing | Macular degeneration | West et al., 1989 [56] |
Fishing | Acute eye disease | Rosenthal et al., 1988 [52] |
Fishing | Eye lid tumors | Strickland et al., 1989 [39] |
Fishing | Eye disease | Taylor et al., 1989 [49] |
Fishing | Eye disease | Vitasa et al., 1990 [48] |
Fishing | Macular degeneration | Taylor et al., 1992 [57] |
Fishing | Ocular jellyfish sting | Glasser et al., 1992 [45] |
Fishing | Cataract | Schein et al., 1994 [55] |
Fishing | Skin diseases | Burke 1997 [34] |
Fishing (MA) | Musculoskeletal disorders | Fulmer and Buchholz 2002 [24] |
Fishing (NC) | Musculoskeletal disorders | Lipscomb et al., 2004 [23] |
Fishing (NC) | Skin disorders | Burke et al., 2006 [38] |
Crab and gillnet fishing (NC) | Musculoskeletal disorders | Kucera et al., 2008 [19] |
Crab and gill net fishing (NC) | Low back pain | Kucera et al., 2009 [20] |
Fishing | Acute eye disease | Moore et al., 2010 [53] |
Crab (NC) | Shoulder stress | Kucera and Lipscomb 2010 [21] |
Fishers, crab (NC) | Musculoskeletal disorders | Mirka et al., 2011 [13] |
Lobster (ME and MA) | Musculoskeletal pain | Fulmer et al., 2017 [25] |
Alaska USA, n = 1 | ||
Fishing | Noise exposure | Neitzel et al., 2006 [62] |
Brazil, n = 5 | ||
Fishing | Noise | Paini et al., 2009 [66] |
Fishing | Lip cancer | Piñera-Marques et al., 2010 [43] |
Aquatic | Zoonotic injury | Haddad 2013 [30] |
Oyster culture | Musculoskeletal disorders | Guertler et al., 2016 [73] |
Fishing | Solar radiation exposure | Bezerra et al., 2011 [40] |
Spain and France, n = 3 | ||
Maritime | Asthma | Lucas et al., 2006 [27] |
French fishing | Asthma | Lucas et al., 2016 [58] |
Fishing | Contact dermatitis | Loddé et al., 2017 [35] |
Australia and New Zealand, n = 2 | ||
Mariculture | Several disorders | Mitchell 2002 [72] |
Fish | Allergy | Sharp and Lopata 2013 [33] |
Northern Europe, n = 4 | ||
Fishing | Ergonomics | Törner et al., 1988 [22] |
Fishing | Hearing loss | Kaerlev et al., 2008 [67] |
Fishing | Musculoskeletal disorders | Kaerlev et al., 2008 [26] |
Fishing | Skin and infectious diseases | Kaerlev et al., 2014 [12] |
Other, n = 16 | ||
US fishing | Hearing loss | Martinis 1977 [63] |
Fishing | Noise | Mantysalo and Vuori 1984 [68] |
China | Eye disease | Wong et al., 1993 [50] |
China | Eye disease | Lai and Ho, 1994 [51] |
US unserved cohorts | Hearing loss | Axelsson and Clark 1995 [64] |
Diving | Hazards | Thalmann 1997 [60] |
Fishing | Noise | Bowes and Corn 1990 [65] |
Seafood | Dermatitis, asthma | Jeebhay et al., 2001 [32] |
Fishing and aquaculture | Hazardous exposures | Durborow 1999 [59] |
Canada aquaculture | Health and safety hazards | Moreau and Neis 2009 [71] |
US Observers | Poisoning, infection | NOAA 2010 [37] |
China | Ocular diseases | Yam and Kwok 2013 [47] |
US (SD) finfish | Aquaculture noise | Barnes et al., 2015 [69] |
India | Dermal hazards | Sridhar and Deo 2017 [36] |
US (SD) finfish | Aquaculture noise | Voorhees and Barnes 2017 [70] |
US | Marine envenomation | Hornbeak and Auerbach 2017 [28] |
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Phase (task) | Posterior | Activity | Tools | Handling |
---|---|---|---|---|
•Pre-fishing •Loading •Dock/cast off •Traveling •Pulling pots •Setting pots •Unloading •Clean •Sort/cull/pack catch •Post-fishing •Other | •Extension of arm above shoulder and abduction •Both arms raised v. one arm raised •Frequency of 2-handed and 1-handed tool use •Orientation to task •Repetition •Static work •Hand-held weight or force •Rest | •Operate controls •Handle hook •Hook the buoy •Feed rope into puller •Handle/guide rope •Handle/operate pot •Bait pot •Set pot •Handle/sort catch •Idle •Other | •Hook •Crab pot •Box/crate •Basket •Tote •Hose •Other | •Lift •Push/pull •Lower •Slide •Carry •Other |
Disease or Trauma | Hazard | Reference |
---|---|---|
• Eye lid tumors | Ultraviolet (UV) exposure among watermen ‡ strongly associated with squamous cell carcinoma and not basal cell carcinoma * | Strickland et al., 1989 [39]; Yam and Kwok, 2013 [47] |
• Actinic keratosis (scaly patch on the skin) | Significantly associated with UV radiation exposure among watermen | Vitasa et al., 1990 [48] |
• Climatic droplet keratopathy (degenerative condition of the cornea) | Significantly associated with chronic UV radiation exposure among watermen | Taylor et al., 1989 [49] |
• Pterygium (surfers’ eye: fleshy mass that grows over part of the cornea) | “Strongly” associated with UV exposure among watermen | Taylor et al., 1989 [49]; Wong et al., 1993 [50]; Lai and Ho, 1994 [51] |
• Pinguecula (yellowish spot on either side of the cornea) | Weak association among watermen with UV exposure | Taylor et al., 1989 [49] |
• Photokeratitis (snow blindness: acute painful eye condition caused by exposure to UV rays) | Frequency is high for acute reflected UV causing “excruciating” eye pain that will resolve within 24–48 h | Rosenthal, et al., 1988 [52]; Yam and Kwok, 2013 [47]; Moore et al., 2010 [53] |
• Cataract (clouding of the eye’s natural lens) | Cataract formation among watermen “firmly” linked to UV exposure | Taylor et al., 1988 [54]; Schein et al., 1994 [55] |
• Macular degeneration (distortion or loss of central vision) | No association with UV exposure, but there is an association among watermen with blue light exposure | West et al., 1989 [56]; Taylor et al., 1992 [57] |
• Uveal (ocular) melanoma | No association found to sunlight exposure | Yam and Kwok 2013 [47] |
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Myers, M.L.; Durborow, R.M.; Kane, A.S. Gulf of Mexico Seafood Harvesters, Part 2: Occupational Health-Related Risk Factors. Safety 2018, 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4030027
Myers ML, Durborow RM, Kane AS. Gulf of Mexico Seafood Harvesters, Part 2: Occupational Health-Related Risk Factors. Safety. 2018; 4(3):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleMyers, Melvin L., Robert M. Durborow, and Andrew S. Kane. 2018. "Gulf of Mexico Seafood Harvesters, Part 2: Occupational Health-Related Risk Factors" Safety 4, no. 3: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4030027