Optimal Capacity and Cost Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System in Standalone Microgrid Considering Battery Lifetime
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. DGs and BESS Models
2.1. PV Model
2.2. Wind Turbine Model
2.3. BESS Model
2.4. BESS Capacity Model
2.5. BESS Lifetime Estimation
3. Optimization Model
3.1. Objective Function
3.2. PSO Algorithm
4. Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BESS | Battery Energy Storage System |
Acceleration factors | |
Initial cost | |
Fixed operation and maintenance cost | |
Replacement cost | |
Cycles to failure | |
Total cost | |
d | Discount rate |
DGs | Distributed generation system |
Depth of discharge | |
Battery energy | |
Battery capacity | |
Battery’s oversize energy | |
Battery throughput corresponding to a specified DOD | |
Average battery throughput | |
The best global solution | |
The solar irradiance on the operating time | |
The solar irradiance on the standard test condition (STC) (1000w/) | |
i | Particle index |
Maximum iteration | |
Temperature coefficient | |
k | Discrete time index |
The operation and maintenance cost set to 5% of the initial cost ($/kWh/year) | |
The BESS initial cost per energy ($/kWh) | |
The BESS initial cost per power ($/kW) | |
BESS lifetime | |
Life loss | |
LPSP | Loss of power supply probability |
n | Number of particles in the swarm |
Net present value of cost | |
Net present value | |
Number of BESS replacement throughput the project | |
Personal pest solution | |
Output power limit of BESS | |
Charging and discharging power of BESS | |
BESS’s required power | |
BESS’s rated power | |
Upper limits of charging and discharging power of BESS | |
Output power of PV system | |
Rated output power of WT | |
Rated output power at standard test condition | |
PV | Photovoltaic |
Output power of WT | |
Adjusting factor | |
Random number [0, 1] | |
State of charge | |
The PV temperature on the operating time | |
Uniform series presents the worth factor | |
v | Wind speed (m/s) |
Velocity of the particle i | |
Cut-in speed, rated speed and cut-off speed of WT | |
w | Inertia factor |
Weight factor | |
x | Position of particle i |
Battery’s self discharge rate | |
Charging and discharging efficiency of BESS |
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Parameter | Variable | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Project life | years | 20 | |
BESS Calendar life | years | 10 | |
BESS SOC limits | - | % | 20–80 |
Charge/discharge efficiency | % | 90/90 | |
Initial cost per energy [32,33,34] | $/kWh | 183.86 | |
Initial cost per power | $/kW | 183.86 | |
Operation & maintenance cost | $/kWh/year | 9.19 | |
Discount rate [35] | d | % | 5 |
($) | ($) | ($) | ($) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.0 | 1.20 | 16 | 18,419 | 23.48 | 185,992 | 204,436 |
1.5 | 1.72 | 11 | 25,958 | 35.23 | 178,562 | 204,557 |
1.761 | 2.00 | 9 | 29,896 | 41.36 | 170,468 | 200,653 |
2.0 | 2.25 | 8 | 33,497 | 46.97 | 168.626 | 202,172 |
2.2 | 2.46 | 8 | 36,513 | 51.67 | 176,524 | 213,088 |
3.0 | 3.31 | 6 | 48,573 | 70.46 | 171,838 | 220,482 |
4.0 | 4.38 | 4 | 63,649 | 93.94 | 153,539 | 217,284 |
5.0 | 5.44 | 3 | 78,724 | 117.43 | 142,152 | 220,994 |
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Wongdet, P.; Boonraksa, T.; Boonraksa, P.; Pinthurat, W.; Marungsri, B.; Hredzak, B. Optimal Capacity and Cost Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System in Standalone Microgrid Considering Battery Lifetime. Batteries 2023, 9, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020076
Wongdet P, Boonraksa T, Boonraksa P, Pinthurat W, Marungsri B, Hredzak B. Optimal Capacity and Cost Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System in Standalone Microgrid Considering Battery Lifetime. Batteries. 2023; 9(2):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020076
Chicago/Turabian StyleWongdet, Pinit, Terapong Boonraksa, Promphak Boonraksa, Watcharakorn Pinthurat, Boonruang Marungsri, and Branislav Hredzak. 2023. "Optimal Capacity and Cost Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System in Standalone Microgrid Considering Battery Lifetime" Batteries 9, no. 2: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020076