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Article

In-Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Sulfurization-Induced Sodiophilic Sites with Model Systems of α-sexithiophene and p-sexiphenyl

by
Yuan Liu
1,2,
Xu Lian
2,3,
Chonglai Jiang
1,2,
Zejun Sun
2,
Jinlin Yang
2,*,
Yishui Ding
1,2 and
Wei Chen
1,2,4,*
1
Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
2
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
3
Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
4
Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Batteries 2023, 9(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010021
Submission received: 21 November 2022 / Revised: 22 December 2022 / Accepted: 24 December 2022 / Published: 27 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Interface Designs for Batteries)
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Abstract

Uncontrollable sodium dendrite growth results in poor cycling performance and severe safety issues, hindering practical applications of sodium metal batteries (SMBs). To stabilize sodium metal anodes (SMAs), various strategies have been developed including employing anode hosts and electrolyte additives to establish protective layers. Nevertheless, the understanding of interaction mechanisms between protective materials and SMAs is still limited, which is crucial for the rational design of protective materials. In this work, we investigated the interaction mechanism between sodium metal and sulfur-containing functional groups with comparative model systems of α-sexithiophene (6T) and p-sexiphenyl (6P) through in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results show that sodium atoms tend to interact with sulfur atoms and their connected carbon atoms simultaneously as well as the aromatic carbon atoms of the end groups of 6T molecules, while no chemical interaction between Na and 6P molecules is observed. The observed sulfurization-induced sodiophilic sites can shed light on the rational design of sulfur-containing protective materials and the relevant interface engineering to stabilize SMAs.
Keywords: SMAs; sulfurization; organic semiconductor; sodiophilic sites; in-situ XPS/UPS SMAs; sulfurization; organic semiconductor; sodiophilic sites; in-situ XPS/UPS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, Y.; Lian, X.; Jiang, C.; Sun, Z.; Yang, J.; Ding, Y.; Chen, W. In-Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Sulfurization-Induced Sodiophilic Sites with Model Systems of α-sexithiophene and p-sexiphenyl. Batteries 2023, 9, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010021

AMA Style

Liu Y, Lian X, Jiang C, Sun Z, Yang J, Ding Y, Chen W. In-Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Sulfurization-Induced Sodiophilic Sites with Model Systems of α-sexithiophene and p-sexiphenyl. Batteries. 2023; 9(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010021

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Yuan, Xu Lian, Chonglai Jiang, Zejun Sun, Jinlin Yang, Yishui Ding, and Wei Chen. 2023. "In-Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Sulfurization-Induced Sodiophilic Sites with Model Systems of α-sexithiophene and p-sexiphenyl" Batteries 9, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010021

APA Style

Liu, Y., Lian, X., Jiang, C., Sun, Z., Yang, J., Ding, Y., & Chen, W. (2023). In-Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of Sulfurization-Induced Sodiophilic Sites with Model Systems of α-sexithiophene and p-sexiphenyl. Batteries, 9(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010021

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