| P: Political and legal factors | PoI | PoE | Comment | Empirics |
Product responsibility | ELV dir. recycling targets 95% | 1 | 8 | In place—weak follow up | OEM interviews, WS, car-sales interviews |
Product responsibility | Battery dir. recycling targets 50% | 1 | 8 | In place for collected batteries | Some battery OEM |
Competition/aftermarket law | Not allowed to “abuse a dominant position” | 3 | 4 | In place—weakening | Literature |
Waste dir. disposal laws | Illegal to dispose in landfill | 8 | 8 | Seen as self evident by interviewees | Experts, some interview |
Transportation regulation | Batteries as haz. goods transportation | 6 | 6 | Dangerous goods/hazardous mtrl | Recycler |
Ecodesign—use recycled materials | Demand x% recycled mtrl | 1 | 2,1 | Influences market price for Re | Suggested in WS |
Ecodesign—efficiency | Minimise battery size | 1 | 2 | So far demands on en-efficiency | Not mentioned/adressed |
Ecodesign—DfRecycling | Demand on recycling instructions etc | 1 | 8 | “Could give great effect” | Mentioned in WS&int. |
Information sharing | Demand status and dissasembly instr. | 1 | 5 | Important according to recyclers | WS & recycler int. & CEB |
(EU) export regulations | export control | 1 | 4 | Since ELV dir. is not valid outside EU | Car OEM interview |
End of pipe—CO2 | Ecodesign CO2 /fuel consumption | 1 | 2 | Secondary factor | OEM interviews |
Rule out fuelled vehicles | Regulations stopping fuelled vehicles | 3 | 3 | Buss lane, parking, etc. | News |
| E: Economic including taxes | PoI | PoE | Comment | Empirics |
Material prices | Market prices of each of (rare) material | 2 | 10 | depend on demand, | OEM interviews |
Battery market price | Price of batteries | 3 | 3 | decreasing? | Some OEM interviréws |
Transport cost | Cost to transport Haz material | 6 | 6 | High, decreasing | Recycler |
Deposit-refund systems | Refund fee at purchase-return at recycling | 3 | 5 | Defined per kWh? Time aspect? | WS/interviews |
CE tax deduction—work | Tax reduction on repair/reuse operations | 7, 8 | 9, 10 | Exist for e.g. bike repairs. | Not mentioned |
CE tax deduction—product | Lower VAT on Re-X products | 3 | 9, 10 | Increase sales of reused batteries | mentioned in WS |
CE tax deduction—recycl.material | Tax on virgin or tax cut for recycled mtrl | 2 | 10 | Mining tax vs recycling tax | Recycler |
3R certificate trading | E.g. recycling certificate trading | 10 | 3 | Tried in UK, not clear success | Mentioned in WS |
Scarce material taxes | Taxes/tolls on certain products/materials | 2 | 10 | E.g. Cobolt tax | Literature |
Vehicle tax | Bonus malus on vehicle taxation | 3 | 3 | Increase EV market share | OEM interviews |
Fuel price—CO2 cost | CO2 fee | 3 | 3 | Increase EV market share | OEM interviews |
Fuel prices—fuel | Price and taxes of fossile fuel | 3 | 3 | Increase EV market share | OEM interviews |
Fuel prices—electricity | Price and taxes of electricity | 3 | 3 | Decrease EV market share | Secondary |
Price for competing tecnhnol. | E.g. price of fuel cells | 3 | 3 | Decrease EV market share | Some OEM interviréws |
| S: Social and industrial norms | PoI | PoE | Comment | Empirics |
OEM warranty policies | OEM warranty policies and regulations | 3 | 4 | Warranty and takeback agreement | Vehicle OEM |
Business strategy-product | Corporate product strategies (economic) | 1 | 3, 5 | Green product strategy- | Battery OEM |
Labelling—standards | Labelling standards (combined Tracking?) | 3 | 5, 6 | Important according to recyclers | Recycler int, WS & CEB |
Industrial information sharing | Standard information syst. (from BMS) | 2, 5 | 4, 5 | Not widely used. | Recycler |
End user habits/behaviour | Users used to going to OEM certified dealer/scrapper | 4 | 5 | OEM-controlled 3R | Vehicle OEM |
End user habits/behaviour | Users used to using “free part dealers” | 4 | 5 | Free market 3R | Not mentioned |
Business strategy for CE & 3R | Customers + OEM aim at 3R production | 2 | 9, 10 | 3R awareness | Mentioned in WS |
Business strategy—partnership | Partnership in (circular) supply chain (e.g. material flow partnership) | 3 | 5, 7 | Negotiate information sharing | Literature |
Business strategy—sharing innov. | Different strategies for knowledge sharing | 1 | 5, 7, 8 | E.g. open innovation in SC | Literature |
Recycling material standards | Industrial standards for recycled mtrl | 8 | 10 | May increase rec. market (value) | Suggested in WS |
Conflict-free materials | Standard or certification of conflict-free/ethical demands | 9 | 10 | Raise price and or incr. recycling | Not mentioned |
Cluster | T: Technological factors/trends | PoI | PoE | Comment | Empirics |
Recycling technologies | Recycling technology development | 8 | 8 | Chemical & mechanical separation | Recycler Battery OEM |
Battery development | New chemistry (low Co low Li etc.) | 1 | 2 | Low REE - organic dev. | |
Information sharing system | Status check of batteries—state of health of battery | 1 | 4 | Manual today, developed/standardised digital | Recycler, battery OEM |
Battery design safe dismantling and handling | Hazardousness of (handling) used batteries automation of dissasembly | 1 | 4…8 | Ongoing dev. | Recycler |
Battery design—modularisation | Design for module/cell replacement | 1 | 5 | Important for reconfiguration | Recycler, + conf.litt |
Battery design—Df-2nd-life | Design for second purpose (second life) | 1 | 11 | Reconfigurable | Battery OEM, V-OEM |
Tracking technology | Track where the battery/vehicle is. | 3 | 5 | What if export outside EU | Vehicle OEM |
Energy store dev. | Energy storage developments | 11 | 9 | Park battery vs. valuable use | Battery OEM |
Reman development | Introduction of large scale remfg./repair | 7 | 7 | Not developed due to low volumes | Recycler |
Powertrain technology | Experience in industry | 1 | 3 | Used to fueldrive | Some OEM interviews |
Complexity of fuel drive | Complexity of fossil-free driveline system | 2 | 3 | Electric car is less complex | OEM interviews |
Smart systems | Automation and digitalisation | 1 | 3 | EVs and AI dev. | OEM interviews |
Internal factors | System factors (inner) | PoI | PoE | | |
Number of Evs | Vehicle stock | 4 | 4 | Low today | Everyone mention this |
Infrastructure 3Rsystem | Relations and infrastructure btw. actors | 6 | 6 | OEM 3R relations | OEM |
Reuse/reman system | Localisation of disassembly and remfg. | 5,7 | 5, 7 | Distributed for other carparts | Recycler |
Recycling localisation | Localisation of or flexible recycling | 8 | 8 | Co-location wt. mine/melt/mfg. | CEB |