Development of Nutrient Solution Compositions for Paprika Cultivation in a Closed Coir Substrate Hydroponic System in Republic of Korea’s Winter Cropping Season
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Conditions
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Closed Hydroponics System Setup
2.4. Experimental Design
2.4.1. Nutrient Solution Preparation and Management for Exp. 1
2.4.2. Nutrient Solution Preparation and Management for Exp. 2
2.4.3. Nutrient Solution Preparation and Management for Exp. 3
2.4.4. The pH, EC, and Mixing Ratio of the Reused Nutrient Solution
2.5. Measurements
2.5.1. Changes in pH, EC, and Mineral Ions in Irrigation, Drainage, and Root Zone
2.5.2. Yield and Fruit Quality
2.5.3. Photosynthetic Characteristics
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in pH, EC, and Macronutrients in the Root Zone
3.2. Paprika Productivity and Quality Based on the Nutrient Solution Compositions
3.3. The pH and EC of the Newly Formulated Nutrient Solution
3.4. Suitability Evaluation of the Newly Formulated Nutrient Solution
3.5. Photosynthetic Responses, Yield, and Fruit Characteristics of Paprika
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient Solution | NO3-N | NH4-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | SO4-S | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ppm) | |||||||||
NIHHS z | Groups w 1–2 | 217 | 18 | 37 | 254 | 190 | 36 | 56 | 0.84 |
Groups 3–6 | 196 | 16 | 37 | 228 | 152 | 29 | 28 | 0.84 | |
IKC y | 245 | 11 | 42 | 278 | 209 | 46 | 51 | 0.84 | |
PHRS-Rockwool x | 188 | 18 | 40 | 235 | 140 | 28 | 24 | 0.84 |
Nutrient Solution z | Groups y | NO3-N | NH4-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | SO4-S | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ppm) | |||||||||
NIHHS-Coir1 | 1–2 | 195 | 16 | 37 | 229 | 190 | 33 | 51 | 1.68 |
3–6 | 195 | 16 | 35 | 217 | 171 | 33 | 46 | 1.68 | |
NIHHS-Coir2 | 1–2 | 184 | 15 | 37 | 216 | 171 | 31 | 48 | 1.68 |
3–6 | 186 | 15 | 33 | 205 | 152 | 31 | 41 | 1.68 |
Marketable Yield (kg/m2) | Marketable Fruit Ratio (%) | Fruit Weight (kg)/Plant (n = 30) | No. of Fruits/Plant (n = 30) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups (G) x | |||||
1–2 | 4.95 c z | 98.1 a | 1.45 c | 7.9 c | |
3–4 | 7.10 a | 97.1 a | 2.09 a | 13.2 b | |
5–6 | 5.60 b | 90.6 b | 1.76 b | 17.8 a | |
Nutrient solutions (NS) | |||||
NIHHS | 6.03 a | 96.2 a | 1.79 | 13.2 | |
IKC | 5.97 a | 96.4 a | 1.77 | 13.2 | |
NIHHS-Rockwool | 5.65 b | 93.2 b | 1.74 | 12.4 | |
G × NS | |||||
1–2 | NIHHS | 5.06 d | 98.3 a | 1.47 | 7.8 |
IKC | 4.78 e | 98.7 a | 1.38 | 7.3 | |
NIHHS-Rockwool | 5.02 d | 97.2 ab | 1.50 | 8.5 | |
3–4 | NIHHS | 7.14 a | 97.1 ab | 2.10 | 13.6 |
IKC | 7.21 a | 98.3 a | 2.09 | 12.2 | |
NIHHS-Rockwool | 6.96 b | 95.9 b | 2.09 | 13.9 | |
5–6 | NIHHS | 5.88 c | 93.0 c | 1.81 | 18.0 |
IKC | 5.93 c | 92.2 c | 1.84 | 17.8 | |
NIHHS-Rockwool | 4.97 d | 86.5 d | 1.64 | 17.6 | |
Significance y | |||||
G | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
NS | *** | *** | NS | NS | |
G × NS | *** | ** | NS | NS |
Marketable Yield (kg/m2) | Marketable Fruit Ratio (%) | Fruit Weight (kg)/Plant (n = 30) | No. of Fruits/Plant (n = 30) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups (G) x | |||||
1–2 | 4.26 a z | 99.4 a | 1.22 b | 6.7 c | |
3–4 | 4.03 b | 89.8 b | 1.30 ab | 9.4 b | |
5–6 | 4.07 b | 80.6 c | 1.45 a | 14.3 a | |
Nutrient solutions (NS) | |||||
NIHHS-Coir1 | 4.30 a | 92.4 a | 1.36 | 10.3 | |
NIHHS-Coir2 | 3.96 b | 88.3 b | 1.29 | 9.9 | |
IKC | 4.10 b | 89.0 b | 1.33 | 10.2 | |
G × NS | |||||
1–2 | NIHHS-Coir1 | 4.39 a | 99.8 | 1.26 | 6.8 |
NIHHS-Coir2 | 4.35 ab | 99.1 | 1.25 | 6.9 | |
IKC | 4.04 c | 99.4 | 1.16 | 6.3 | |
3–4 | NIHHS-Coir1 | 4.17 abc | 93.8 | 1.32 | 9.4 |
NIHHS-Coir2 | 3.76 d | 88.1 | 1.22 | 8.9 | |
IKC | 4.16 abc | 87.6 | 1.36 | 9.7 | |
5–6 | NIHHS-Coir1 | 4.33 ab | 83.6 | 1.50 | 14.6 |
NIHHS-Coir2 | 3.78 d | 77.7 | 1.39 | 13.9 | |
IKC | 4.11 bc | 80.2 | 1.46 | 14.4 | |
Significance y | |||||
G | ** | *** | * | *** | |
NS | *** | ** | NS | NS | |
G × NS | ** | NS | NS | NS |
Nutrient Solution | Groups | NO3-N | NH4-N | P | K | Ca | Mg | SO4-S | Fe | K/Ca Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ppm) | ||||||||||
NIHHS-Coir (closed) | 1–2 | 200 | 13 | 35 | 227 | 190 | 33 | 51 | 1.68 | 1.19 |
3–6 | 190 | 15 | 33 | 217 | 162 | 33 | 43 | 1.68 | 1.33 |
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Yeo, K.-H.; Choi, G.-L.; Lee, J.-H.; Park, K.-S.; Choi, K.-Y. Development of Nutrient Solution Compositions for Paprika Cultivation in a Closed Coir Substrate Hydroponic System in Republic of Korea’s Winter Cropping Season. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040412
Yeo K-H, Choi G-L, Lee J-H, Park K-S, Choi K-Y. Development of Nutrient Solution Compositions for Paprika Cultivation in a Closed Coir Substrate Hydroponic System in Republic of Korea’s Winter Cropping Season. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(4):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040412
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeo, Kyung-Hwan, Gyeong-Lee Choi, Jae-Han Lee, Kyung-Sub Park, and Ki-Young Choi. 2023. "Development of Nutrient Solution Compositions for Paprika Cultivation in a Closed Coir Substrate Hydroponic System in Republic of Korea’s Winter Cropping Season" Horticulturae 9, no. 4: 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040412