The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Experimental Site Description
2.1.2. Plant Material
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Pomological Analyzes
2.2.2. Sample Preparation for Biochemical Properties
Total Phenolics
Total Antioxidant Capacity
2.2.3. Oil Content
2.2.4. Protein Content
2.2.5. Analysis of Fatty Acids
2.2.6. Analysis of Sugar Content
2.2.7. Analysis of Organic Acid Contents
2.2.8. Statistical Assessments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fruit Quality Parameters
3.2. Total Phenolics and Total Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Protein and Oil Contents
3.4. Quantification of Fatty Acids
3.5. Organic Acid Content
3.6. Carbohydrate (Sugars) Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Genotypes | Fruit Weight (g) | Kernel Weight (mm) | Kernel Percentage (%) | Fruit Width (mm) | Fruit Length (mm) | Fruit Height (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 13.90 ± 0.11 kl | 15.15 ± 1.93 a | 8.00 ± 0.12 g | 8.50 ± 1.45 a | 57.54 ± 0.63 de | 56.03 ± 6.05 a | 43.42 ± 0.65 de | 44.05 ± 4.39 a | 35.07 ± 0.53 de | 34.45 ± 2.01 a | 38.18 ± 0.57 hi | 38.72 ± 4.48 a |
G-2 | 13.69 ± 0.36 l | 7.25 ± 0.11 h | 52.99 ± 2.12 g–i | 45.40 ± 0.68 c | 34.49 ± 0.0 e–g | 34.85 ± 0.52 l | |||||||
G-3 | 17.89 ± 0.21 a | 9.10 ± 0.14 c | 50.85 ± 1.34 g–i | 43.05 ± 0.65 e | 35.76 ± 0.52 cd | 40.92 ± 0.61 ef | |||||||
G-4 | 15.28 ± 0.35 g–i | 8.40 ± 0.13 ef | 54.97 ± 0.73 ef | 48.34 ± 0.73 b | 36.33 ± 0.54 bc | 39.22 ± 0.59 g | |||||||
G-7 | 17.15 ± 0.23 bc | 9.00 ± 0.13 cd | 52.47 ± 0.50 g–i | 43.37 ± 0.65 de | 36.30 ± 0.54 bc | 40.29 ± 0.60 f | |||||||
G-10 | 17.34 ± 0.45 ab | 9.90 ± 0.15 b | 57.12 ± 2.20 de | 47.31 ± 0.71 b | 36.65 ± 0.55 bc | 42.18 ± 0.63 d | |||||||
G-11 | 15.39 ± 0.52 f–h | 11.00 ± 0.16 a | 71.49 ± 2.14 a | 44.46 ± 0.67 cd | 35.80 ± 0.54 cd | 48.68 ± 0.73 a | |||||||
G-12 | 16.01 ± 0.46 d–f | 9.12 ± 0.14 c | 56.98 ± 0.94 de | 47.47 ± 0.71 b | 38.98 ± 0.58 a | 43.46 ± 0.65 c | |||||||
G-14 | 15.70 ± 0.46 e–g | 9.90 ± 0.15 b | 63.09 ± 2.73 b | 44.67 ± 0.67 c | 35.97 ± 0.54 cd | 37.92 ± 0.57 ji | |||||||
G-16 | 14.70 ± 0.33 ij | 8.40 ± 0.13 ef | 57.16 ± 2.16 de | 51.03 ± 0.77 a | 36.45 ± 0.55 bc | 37.85 ± 0.57 ji | |||||||
Maraş-18 | 16.50 ± 0.53 cd | 8.74 ± 0.25 d | 53.01 ± 2.48 g–i | 42.58 ± 0.64 e | 36.12 ± 0.0 bc | 35.55 ± 0.53 kl | |||||||
Chandler | 12.14 ± 0.22 m | 6.13 ± 0.51 i | 50.56 ± 4.86 ij | 36.60 ± 0.55 h | 30.87 ± 0.48 mn | 33.34 ± 0.50 m | |||||||
Franquette | 11.27 ± 0.53 n | 5.64 ± 0.35 j | 50.16 ± 5.15 h–j | 34.30 ± 0.86 i | 30.54 ± 1.04 n | 30.93 ± 0.40 op | |||||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 12.08 ± 0.77 m | 14.05 ± 1.89 b | 6.25 ± 0.09 i | 7.48 ± 1.40 b | 51.89 ± 3.95 g–i | 53.11 ± 6.16 b | 41.42 ± 0.62 fg | 42.10 ± 4.09 b | 34.07 ± 0.51 fg | 33.10 ± 1.81 b | 37.18 ± 0.56 j | 36.59 ± 4.29 b |
G-2 | 12.08 ± 0.32 m | 6.25 ± 0.09 i | 49.26 ± 0.69 ij | 42.40 ± 0.64 ef | 31.49 ± 0.47 k–m | 31.85 ± 0.48 on | |||||||
G-3 | 16.11 ± 0.20 de | 8.10 ± 0.12 fg | 50.29 ± 1.35 ij | 41.05 ± 0.62 g | 32.76 ± 0.49 h–j | 38.92 ± 0.58 hg | |||||||
G-4 | 14.60 ± 0.38 ij | 7.40 ± 0.11 h | 50.68 ± 0.61 ij | 45.34 ± 0.68 c | 32.33 ± 0.48 i–k | 37.22 ± 0.56 j | |||||||
G-7 | 17.09 ± 0.62 bc | 8.00 ± 0.12 g | 46.84 ± 2.15 j | 41.37 ± 0.62 fg | 31.30 ± 0.47 l–n | 38.29 ± 0.57 hi | |||||||
G-10 | 14.94 ± 0.48 h–j | 7.90 ± 0.12 g | 52.90 ± 1.26 g–i | 45.31 ± 0.68 c | 33.65 ± 0.50 gh | 40.18 ± 0.60 f | |||||||
G-11 | 15.29 ± 0.48 g–i | 10.00 ± 0.15 b | 65.43 ± 1.67 b | 42.46 ± 0.64 ef | 34.80 ± 0.52 ef | 45.68 ± 0.69 b | |||||||
G-12 | 13.74 ± 0.39 l | 8.12 ± 0.12 fg | 59.12 ± 2.59 cd | 45.47 ± 0.68 c | 36.98 ± 0.55 b | 41.46 ± 0.62 de | |||||||
G-14 | 14.45 ± 0.53 jk | 8.90 ± 0.13 cd | 61.64 ± 3.10 bc | 42.67 ± 0.64 e | 32.97 ± 0.49 hi | 34.92 ± 0.52 l | |||||||
G-16 | 13.54 ± 0.15 l | 7.40 ± 0.11 h | 54.65 ± 1.03 e–g | 50.03 ± 0.75 a | 34.45 ± 0.52 e–g | 35.85 ± 0.54 k | |||||||
Maraş-18 | 16.12 ± 0.08 de | 8.70 ± 0.13 de | 53.96 ± 0.68 e–h | 40.58 ± 0.61 g | 34.12 ± 0.51 fg | 31.55 ± 0.47 on | |||||||
Chandler | 11.35 ± 0.56 n | 4.80 ± 0.07 k | 42.31 ± 1.54 k | 35.60 ± 0.53 h | 31.87 ± 0.46 j–l | 32.34 ± 0.49 n | |||||||
Franquette | 10.74 ± 0.25 n | 5.52 ± 0.34 j | 51.49± 3.60 f–i | 33.62 ± 0.85 i | 31.17 ± 1.02 l–n | 30.31 ± 0.39 p | |||||||
LSD0.05 | 0.69 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.08 ** | 3.89 ** | 1.08 ** | 1.11 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.26 | 0.92 ** | 0.25 ** |
Altitude | Genotype | Total Phenolics | DPPH Inhibition | DPPH Radical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 412.96 ± 0.58 a | 293.12 ± 53.24 A | 71.63 ± 0.50 cd | 63.43 ± 6.12 B | 64.36 ± 0.50 cd | 56.43 ± 6.12 A |
G-2 | 237.51 ± 0.91 s | 64.43 ± 0.50 i | 57.43 ± 0.50 i | ||||
G-3 | 293.86 ± 0.31 i | 56.89 ± 0.18 l | 49.89 ± 0.18 l | ||||
G-4 | 300.09 ± 0.70 g | 57.85 ± 0.27 j | 50.85 ± 0.27 k | ||||
G-7 | 384.96 ± 0.28 c | 68.43 ± 0.32 f | 61.43 ± 0.32 f | ||||
G-10 | 254.60 ± 0.52 p | 64.84 ± 0.39 hi | 57.84 ± 0.39 hi | ||||
G-11 | 242.06 ± 0.60 r | 65.52 ± 0.40 h | 58.52 ± 0.40 h | ||||
G-12 | 253.31 ± 0.48 p | 70.94 ± 0.25 d | 63.94 ± 0.25 d | ||||
G-14 | 295.82 ± 0.78 h | 71.99 ± 0.27 bc | 64.99 ± 0.27 bc | ||||
G-16 | 335.90 ± 0.89 f | 55.07 ± 0.22 m | 48.07 ± 0.22 m | ||||
Maraş-18 | 292.03 ± 0.95 j | 64.76 ± 0.19 i | 57.76 ± 0.19 i | ||||
Chandler | 241.67 ± 0.94 r | 57.57 ± 0.51 kl | 50.57 ± 0.51 kl | ||||
Franquette | 265.75 ± 0.87 o | 54.65 ± 0.52 m | 47.65 ± 0.52 m | ||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 392.31 ± 0.94 b | 298.70 ± 49.85 B | 75.92 ± 0.53 a | 70.40 ± 3.93 A | 68.92 ± 0.53 a | 63.04 ± 3.68 B |
G-2 | 290.45 ± 0.60 k | 68.30 ± 0.53 fg | 61.30 ± 0.53 f | ||||
G-3 | 279.17 ± 0.30 m | 72.62 ± 0.53 b | 65.62 ± 0.53 b | ||||
G-4 | 285.89 ± 0.59 l | 61.32 ± 0.41 j | 54.32 ± 0.41 j | ||||
G-7 | 367.31 ± 0.92 d | 72.53 ± 0.28 b | 65.53 ± 0.28 b | ||||
G-10 | 254.79 ± 0.80 p | 72.09 ± 0.34 bc | 65.09 ± 0.34 bc | ||||
G-11 | 234.94 ± 0.61 t | 69.45 ± 0.22 e | 62.45 ± 0.22 e | ||||
G-12 | 246.86 ± 0.74 q | 75.19 ± 0.42 a | 63.94 ± 0.42 d | ||||
G-14 | 247.80 ± 0.62 q | 72.31 ± 0.25 bc | 64.99 ± 0.25 bc | ||||
G-16 | 360.88 ± 0.49 e | 71.93 ± 0.27 bc | 64.93 ± 0.27 bc | ||||
Maraş-18 | 295.16 ± 0.92 hi | 71.17 ± 0.17 d | 64.17 ± 0.17 d | ||||
Chandler | 242.06 ± 0.64 r | 67.57 ± 0.19 g | 60.57 ± 0.19 g | ||||
Franquette | 268.51 ± 0.73 n | 64.76 ± 0.18 i | 57.76 ± 0.18 i | ||||
LSD0.05 | 1.42 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.72 ** | 0.18 ** |
Altitude | Genotype | Protein Content (%) | Oil Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 15.41 ± 0.42 lm | 17.63 ± 2.03 A | 55.04 ± 1.49 lm | 63.33 ± 7.68 A |
G-2 | 15.34 ± 0.37 m | 54.78 ± 1.33 m | |||
G-3 | 16.35 ± 0.20 jk | 58.42 ± 0.73 jk | |||
G-4 | 14.96 ± 0.24 m | 53.44 ± 0.87 mn | |||
G-7 | 19.11 ± 0.18 de | 68.28 ± 0.66 de | |||
G-10 | 19.36 ± 0.26 cd | 69.14 ± 0.93 cd | |||
G-11 | 20.22 ± 0.42 b | 72.22 ± 1.48 b | |||
G-12 | 19.78 ± 0.32 bc | 70.67 ± 1.16 bc | |||
G-14 | 19.11 ± 0.26 de | 68.25 ± 0.94 de | |||
G-16 | 21.32 ± 0.34 a | 76.17 ± 1.23 a | |||
Maraş-18 | 18.10 ± 0.16 f | 64.64 ± 0.58 f | |||
Chandler | 13.71 ± 0.37 o | 57.57 ± 0.51 k | |||
Franquette | 16.47 ± 0.15 jk | 54.65 ± 0.52 m | |||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 13.56 ± 0.37 o | 15.65 ± 1.92 B | 48.44 ± 1.31 o | 55.43 ± 7.26 B |
G-2 | 13.49 ± 0.33 o | 48.21 ± 1.17 p | |||
G-3 | 14.39 ± 0.18 n | 51.41 ± 0.64 no | |||
G-4 | 13.16 ± 0.21 op | 47.03 ± 0.77 p | |||
G-7 | 16.82 ± 0.16 ij | 60.08 ± 0.58 ij | |||
G-10 | 17.03 ± 0.23 hi | 60.84 ± 0.82 hi | |||
G-11 | 17.79 ± 0.37 fg | 63.56 ± 1.30 fg | |||
G-12 | 17.41 ± 0.29 gh | 62.19 ± 1.02 gh | |||
G-14 | 16.81 ± 0.23 ij | 60.06 ± 0.83 ij | |||
G-16 | 18.76 ± 0.30 e | 67.03 ± 1.08 e | |||
Maraş-18 | 15.92 ± 0.14 kl | 56.88 ± 0.51 kl | |||
Chandler | 12.07 ± 0.16 p | 43.11 ± 1.16 p | |||
Franquette | 14.49 ± 0.13 lm | 51.76 ± 0.47 no | |||
LSD0.05 | 0.54 ** | 0.14 ** | 1.94 ** | 0.54 ** |
Altitude | Genotypes | Palmitic Acid (%) | Stearic Acid (%) | Myristic Acid (%) | Other Fat Acids (%) | Σ Saturated FA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 6.16 ± 0.12 | 7.24 ± 0.48 | 3.37 ± 0.43 | 3.50 ± 0.29 A | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.68 | 0.98 ± 0.98 | 10.09 |
G-2 | 7.39 ± 0.02 | 3.56 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.17 | 11.25 | |||||
G-3 | 7.81 ± 0.05 | 3.13 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.47 | 11.90 | |||||
G-4 | 7.33 ± 0.05 | 3.55 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.97 ± 1.07 | 11.90 | |||||
G-7 | 7.75 ± 0.04 | 3.87 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 1.95 | 11.84 | |||||
G-10 | 6.91 ± 0.16 | 3.86 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.58 | 10.84 | |||||
G-11 | 6.64 ± 0.50 | 3.90 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 1.31 | 10.61 | |||||
G-12 | 7.19 ± 0.16 | 3.32 ± 0.29 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.74 | 11.24 | |||||
G-14 | 6.93 ± 0.13 | 3.23 ± 0.5 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.33 | 10.53 | |||||
G-16 | 7.26 ± 0.11 | 3.50 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.43 | 10.94 | |||||
Maraş-18 | 6.83 ± 0.40 | 3.53 ± 0.09 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.69 | 10.48 | |||||
Chandler | 7.49 ± 0.10 | 3.50 ± 0.17 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.67 | 12.38 | |||||
Franquette | 7.48 ± 0.00 | 3.21 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.94 | 11.04 | |||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 6.81 ± 0.55 | 7.24 ± 0.41 | 2.93 ± 0.39 | 2.78 ± 0.24 B | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 1.23 | 0.42 ± 1.25 | 9.80 |
G-2 | 7.37 ± 0.08 | 2.74 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.74 | 10.94 | |||||
G-3 | 7.78 ± 0.14 | 2.41 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.60 | 10.82 | |||||
G-4 | 7.31 ± 0.14 | 2.73 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.40 | 10.83 | |||||
G-7 | 7.73 ± 0.08 | 2.98 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 1.46 | 10.76 | |||||
G-10 | 6.89 ± 0.11 | 2.97 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.63 ± 0.77 | 11.54 | |||||
G-11 | 6.63 ± 0.53 | 3.00 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 1.91 ± 0.88 | 11.60 | |||||
G-12 | 7.17 ± 0.24 | 2.56 ± 0.22 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 1.57 | 10.81 | |||||
G-14 | 6.91 ± 0.07 | 2.85 ± 0.30 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 1.97 ± 1.46 | 11.76 | |||||
G-16 | 7.24 ± 0.20 | 2.70 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 1.73 ± 0.84 | 11.73 | |||||
Maraş-18 | 7.18 ± 0.09 | 2.79 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.90 ± 0.71 | 11.92 | |||||
Chandler | 7.47 ± 0.07 | 2.94 ± 0.17 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.07 | 10.48 | |||||
Franquette | 7.57 ± 0.02 | 2.53 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 1.33 | 10.90 | |||||
LSD0.05 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | 0.08 ** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
Altitude | Genotypes | Oleic Acid (%) | Palmitoleic Acid (%) | Total MUFA | Linolenic Acid (%) | Linoleic Acid (%) | Total PUFA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 18.66 ± 0.65 i–l | 7.24 ± 0.48 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 18.72 | 9.03 ± 0.06 f–k | 9.92 ± 0.58 A | 61.12 ± 1.15 b–d | 60.62 ± 1.20 A | 70.15 |
G-2 | 18.35 ± 0.38 j–m | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 18.40 | 9.47 ± 0.06 d–i | 60.49 ± 0.18 c–f | 69.96 | |||||
G-3 | 18.48 ± 0.43 j–l | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 18.54 | 8.61 ± 0.35 kl | 60.36 ± 0.15 d–g | 68.97 | |||||
G-4 | 17.83 ± 0.27 lm | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 17.88 | 9.63 ± 0.34 d–g | 59.77 ± 1.14 e–h | 69.40 | |||||
G-7 | 19.42 ± 0.68 d–i | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 19.46 | 8.96 ± 0.71 g–k | 58.82 ± 0.81 h–k | 67.78 | |||||
G-10 | 17.82 ± 0.26 lm | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 17.87 | 9.72 ± 0.32 d–f | 60.97 ± 0.42 b–e | 70.69 | |||||
G-11 | 17.47 ± 0.33 m | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 17.53 | 8.74 ± 0.43 i–k | 62.44 ± 0.74 a | 71.18 | |||||
G-12 | 20.27 ± 0.78 b–d | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 20.29 | 7.93 ± 0.43 l | 59.69 ± 0.67 f–h | 67.62 | |||||
G-14 | 18.81 ± 0.20 h–k | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 18.87 | 9.12 ± 0.15 e–k | 60.96 ± 0.43 b–e | 70.08 | |||||
G-16 | 17.98 ± 0.19 k–m | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 18.01 | 8.68 ± 0.24 k | 62.00 ± 0.11 ab | 70.68 | |||||
Maraş-18 | 18.51 ± 0.18 j–l | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 18.56 | 8.66 ± 0.29 kl | 61.67 ± 0.49 a–c | 70.33 | |||||
Chandler | 18.61 ± 0.20 i–l | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 18.66 | 8.70 ± 0.42 jk | 59.49 ± 0.77 f–i | 68.19 | |||||
Franquette | 19.17 ± 0.46 e–j | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 19.21 | 8.88 ± 0.27 h–k | 60.33 ± 0.39 d–g | 69.21 | |||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 19.78 ± 0.69 b–f | 18.57 ± 0.89 B | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 19.84 | 10.02 ± 0.07 b–d | 8.93 ± 0.64 B | 59.38 ± 0.47 f–i | 58.60 ± 0.83 B | 69.40 |
G-2 | 19.45± 0.40 c–i | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 19.50 | 10.51 ± 0.07 a–c | 58.54 ± 0.45 h–l | 69.05 | |||||
G-3 | 19.59 ± 0.45 c–h | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 19.65 | 9.56 ± 0.39 d–h | 59.12 ± 0.77 g–k | 68.68 | |||||
G-4 | 18.89 ± 0.28 f–j | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 18.94 | 10.69 ± 0.38 ab | 58.90 ± 042 h–k | 69.59 | |||||
G-7 | 20.59 ± 0.72 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 20.63 | 9.94 ± 0.79 cd | 58.90 ± 0.55 h–k | 68.84 | |||||
G-10 | 18.88 ± 0.28 g–j | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 18.93 | 10.79 ± 0.36 a | 58.10 ± 0.49 j–l | 68.89 | |||||
G-11 | 18.52 ± 0.35 j–l | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 18.58 | 9.70 ± 0.48 d–g | 59.31 ± 0.40 g–j | 69.01 | |||||
G-12 | 21.48 ± 0.83 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 21.50 | 8.80 ± 0.48 i–k | 58.43 ± 1.03 ij | 67.23 | |||||
G-14 | 19.93 ± 0.21 b–e | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 19.98 | 10.13 ± 0.16 a–d | 57.33 0.91± l | 67.46 | |||||
G-16 | 19.06 ± 0.21 e–j | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 19.09 | 9.80 ± 0.15 c–e | 58.95 ± 0.41 h–k | 68.75 | |||||
Maraş-18 | 19.62 ± 0.19 c–h | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 19.67 | 9.99 ± 0.21 b–d | 57.90 ± 0.48 kl | 67.89 | |||||
Chandler | 19.73 ± 0.21 b–g | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 19.78 | 9.58 ± 0.42 d–h | 59.22 ± 0.10 g–j | 68.80 | |||||
Franquette | 20.32 ± 0.48 bc | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 20.36 | 9.43 ± 0.37 d–j | 58.70 ± 0.41 h–l | 68.13 | |||||
LSD0.05 | 0.88 ** | 0.24 ** | N.S. | N.S. | 0.74 ** | 0.20 ** | 1.24 ** | 0.34 ** |
Altitude | Genotypes | Oxalic Acid (%) | Citric Acid (%) | Malic Acid (%) | Succinic Acid (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 0.27 ± 0.02 a | 3.09 ± 0.05 A | 1.59 ± 0.00 b | 1.17 ± 0.45 | 4.99 ± 0.08 c | 4.27 ± 1.48 A | 1.38 ± 0.00 d–f | 2.00 ± 1.17 B |
G-2 | 0.23 ± 0.02 ab | 1.06 ± 0.11 cd | 3.35 ± 0.11 f–h | 0.78 ± 0.08 f | |||||
G-3 | 0.22 ± 0.01 bc | 2.08 ± 0.09 a | 7.33 ± 0.04 a | 2.86 ± 0.03 a–c | |||||
G-4 | 0.19 ± 0.02 b–d | 1.62 ± 0.03 b | 6.57 ± 0.05 b | 2.40 ± 0.04 c–e | |||||
G-7 | 0.19 ± 0.00 b–d | 1.71 ± 0.02 b | 5.21 ± 0.02 c | 2.75 ± 0.05 b–d | |||||
G-10 | 0.16 ± 0.00 de | 1.15 ± 0.03 cd | 4.43 ± 0.06 d | 0.93 ± 0.04 f | |||||
G-11 | 0.09 ± 0.00 f | 0.56 ± 0.05 f | 1.39 ± 0.09 i | 0.43 ± 0.05 f | |||||
G-12 | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.71 ± 0.04 ef | 4.33 ± 0.16 d | 1.08 ± 0.01 ef | |||||
G-14 | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.53 ± 0.04 f | 3.28 ± 0.06 gh | 1.03 ± 0.01 ef | |||||
G-16 | 0.12 ± 0.05 ef | 0.87 ± 0.09 de | 3.51 ± 0.04 fg | 1.00 ± 0.01 f | |||||
Maras-18 | 0.18 ± 0.01 cd | 1.22 ± 0.02 c | 4.31 ± 0.11 de | 4.03 ± 0.24 ab | |||||
Chandler | 0.22 ± 0.03 bc | 1.04 ± 0.05 cd | 2.97 ± 0.07 h | 3.03 ± 0.63 a–c | |||||
Franquette | 0.15 ± 0.02 de | 1.01 ± 0.05 cd | 3.81 ± 0.19 ef | 4.20 ± 0.03 a | |||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 2.85 ± 0.07 B | 1.30 ± 0.08 b–d | 0.18 ± 0.39 | 4.20 ± 0.04 b–d | 3.71 ± 1.09 B | 5.97 ± 0.12 a | 3.41 ± 1.61 A |
G-2 | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 1.72 ± 0.02 ab | 4.25 ± 0.17 b–d | 0.83 ± 0.08 f | |||||
G-3 | 0.21 ± 0.01 bc | 1.02 ± 0.03 de | 5.78 ± 0.20 a | 3.81 ± 0.22 c–e | |||||
G-4 | 0.17 ± 0.01 cd | 1.69 ± 0.00 a–c | 3.07 ± 0.15 ef | 3.70 ± 0.04 de | |||||
G-7 | 0.21 ± 004 bc | 0.39 ± 0.02 f | 4.70 ± 0.07 ab | 4.92 ± 0.22 b | |||||
G-10 | 0.33 ± 0.02 a | 1.85 ± 0.01 a | 4.51 ± 0.00 bc | 1.26 ± 0.04 f | |||||
G-11 | 0.17 ± 0.00 cd | 1.24 ± 0.22 cd | 1.35 ± 0.03 g | 3.06 ± 0.22 e | |||||
G-12 | 0.15 ± 0.00 d | 1.12 ± 0.05 de | 3.25 ± 0.03 d–f | 4.43 ± 0.04 b–d | |||||
G-14 | 0.15 ± 0.02 d | 0.90 ± 0.10 de | 3.91 ± 0.12 b–e | 0.89 ± 0.14 f | |||||
G-16 | 0.00 ± 0.00 e | 1.34 ± 0.04 b–d | 2.27 ± 0.06 fg | 1.25 ± 0.04 f | |||||
Maras-18 | 0.16 ± 0.00 d | 1.05 ± 0.13 de | 3.70 ± 0.14 b–e | 5.08 ± 0.12 ab | |||||
Chandler | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 0.93 ± 0.06 de | 3.41 ± 0.09 c–e | 4.70 ± 0.11 bc | |||||
Franquette | 0.15 ± 0.05 d | 0.78 ± 0.03 ef | 3.80 ± 0.26 b–e | 4.40 ± 0.21 b–d | |||||
LSD0.05 | 0.44 ** | 0.01 ** | 0.38 ** | N.S. | 0.84 ** | 0.22 ** | 1.06 ** | 0.28 ** |
Altitude | Genotypes | Sucrose (%) | Glucose (%) | Fructose (%) | Total Sugar (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (500 m) | G-1 | 3.06 ± 0.02 a–c | 2.38 ± 0.60 A | 0.20 ± 0.02 k | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 ij | 0.34 ± 0.10 A | 3.48 ± 0.03 b–d | 3.04 ± 0.03 A |
G-2 | 2.08 ± 0.01 e–g | 0.22 ± 0.01 i–k | 0.15 ± 0.00 jk | 2.45 ± 0.00 h–k | |||||
G-3 | 2.08 ± 0.08 e–g | 0.40 ± 0.09 c–e | 0.38 ± 0.04 b–e | 2.78 ± 0.05 g–i | |||||
G-4 | 3.12 ± 0.00 ab | 0.24 ± 0.02 h–k | 0.14 ± 0.00 k | 3.51 ± 0.02 bc | |||||
G-7 | 1.42 ± 0.02 jk | 0.49 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 bc | 2.35 ± 0.05 i–l | |||||
G-10 | 2.42 ± 0.04 de | 0.37 ± 0.08 d–f | 0.32 ± 0.01 e–g | 3.12 ± 0.13 d–f | |||||
G-11 | 2.08 ± 0.00 e–g | 0.33 ± 0.00 e–g | 0.28 ± 0.00 gh | 2.70 ± 0.01 g–i | |||||
G-12 | 2.91 ± 0.01 a–c | 0.48 ± 0.10 ab | 0.40 ± 0.00 b–d | 3.79 ± 0.09 ab | |||||
G-14 | 1.34 ± 0.01 jk | 0.40 ± 0.00 c–e | 0.33 ± 0.01 e–g | 2.07 ± 0.00 lm | |||||
G-16 | 3.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 a–d | 0.33 ± 0.01 e–g | 3.89 ± 0.04 a | |||||
Maras-18 | 2.75 ± 0.08 b–d | 0.40 ± 0.08 b–e | 0.33 ± 0.02 e–g | 3.49 ± 0.02 bc | |||||
Chandler | 1.91 ± 0.08 gh | 0.35 ± 0.04 e–g | 0.25 ± 0.05 hi | 2.51 ± 0.06 h–k | |||||
Franquette | 2.71 ± 0.13 cd | 0.29 ± 0.03 g–i | 0.32 ± 0.05 e–g | 3.33 ± 0.06 c–e | |||||
High (1200 m) | G-1 | 3.03 ± 0.01 a–c | 2.10 ± 0.65 B | 0.21 ± 0.00 jk | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.03 i–k | 0.30 ± 0.07 B | 3.45 ± 0.07 c–e | 2.80 ± 0.00 B |
G-2 | 1.16 ± 0.08 k | 0.29 ± 0.00 g–j | 0.37 ± 0.01 c–f | 1.83 ± 0.09 m | |||||
G-3 | 1.90 ± 0.04 gh | 0.40 ± 0.01 c–e | 0.37 ± 0.05 b–f | 2.68 ± 0.00 g–j | |||||
G-4 | 3.10 ± 0.06 ab | 0.29 ± 0.02 f–h | 0.24 ± 0.08 hi | 3.65 ± 0.03 a–c | |||||
G-7 | 1.47 ± 0.04 jk | 0.43 ± 0.01 a–d | 0.38 ± 0.03 b–e | 2.29 ± 0.08 kl | |||||
G-10 | 1.64 ± 0.07 h–j | 0.44 ± 0.01 a–d | 0.43 ± 0.01 b | 2.52 ± 0.07 h–k | |||||
G-11 | 1.69 ± 0.06 h–j | 0.35 ± 0.02 e–g | 0.29 ± 0.01 gh | 2.33 ± 0.10 j–l | |||||
G-12 | 2.92 ± 0.05 a–c | 0.33 ± 0.01 e–g | 0.36 ± 0.04 d–f | 3.62 ± 0.02 a–c | |||||
G-14 | 1.87 ± 0.00 g–i | 0.41 ± 0.00 b–e | 0.38 ± 0.01 b–f | 2.66 ± 0.01 g–j | |||||
G-16 | 1.53 ± 0.00 ij | 0.46 ± 0.01 a–c | 0.54 ± 0.00 a | 2.54 ± 0.05 h–k | |||||
Maras-18 | 2.33 ± 0.06 ef | 0.34 ± 0.02 e–g | 0.32 ± 0.01 fg | 2.99 ± 0.08 e–g | |||||
Chandler | 1.90 ± 0.08 gh | 0.23 ± 0.01 h–k | 0.20 ± 0.01 i–k | 2.34 ± 0.18 j–l | |||||
Franquette | 2.78 ± 0.11 a–c | 0.34 ± 0.01 e–g | 0.36 ± 0.03 d–f | 3.49 ± 0.15 bc | |||||
LSD0.05 | 0.36 ** | 0.10 ** | 0.06 ** | N.S. | 0.06 ** | 0.02 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.98 ** |
Properties | PCA 1 | PCA 2 | PCA 3 | PCA 4 | PCA 5 | PCA 6 | PCA 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T.F | −0.048 | −0.055 | 0.190 | 0.211 | −0.121 | 0.493 | 0.399 |
T.A | −0.029 | 0.124 | 0.284 | 0.232 | −0.335 | −0.315 | 0.047 |
Protein | 0.350 | −0.057 | −0.021 | −0.019 | −0.043 | 0.053 | 0.202 |
Oil | 0.356 | −0.036 | −0.010 | −0.039 | −0.040 | 0.078 | 0.166 |
Oleic A. | −0.002 | −0.391 | −0.028 | −0.016 | 0.228 | 0.181 | −0.303 |
Linoleic A. | 0.064 | 0.259 | −0.256 | 0.173 | −0.051 | −0.223 | 0.363 |
Linolenic A. | −0.092 | 0.289 | 0.241 | −0.030 | −0.275 | 0.179 | −0.035 |
Palmitic A. | −0.105 | −0.270 | 0.267 | −0.167 | −0.094 | −0.317 | 0.052 |
Palmitoleic A. | −0.160 | 0.328 | −0.055 | −0.137 | 0.268 | −0.136 | 0.179 |
Stearic A. | 0.089 | 0.228 | 0.030 | −0.151 | −0.138 | 0.534 | 0.090 |
Miristic A. | −0.160 | 0.330 | −0.038 | −0.135 | 0.272 | −0.108 | 0.199 |
Sucrose | −0.074 | −0.064 | −0.117 | 0.520 | 0.100 | 0.031 | 0.030 |
Glucose | 0.272 | −0.178 | 0.201 | −0.157 | 0.040 | −0.055 | 0.241 |
Fructose | 0.246 | −0.220 | 0.161 | −0.130 | −0.012 | −0.110 | 0.250 |
T. Sugar | −0.017 | −0.131 | −0.090 | 0.505 | 0.124 | −0.001 | 0.116 |
Oxalic A. | −0.242 | 0.128 | 0.194 | −0.102 | 0.212 | 0.264 | −0.170 |
Citric A. | −0.144 | 0.200 | 0.353 | 0.241 | 0.016 | −0.068 | −0.029 |
Malic A. | −0.143 | −0.084 | 0.418 | 0.065 | 0.282 | −0.084 | 0.015 |
Succinic A. | −0.188 | −0.193 | −0.032 | 0.084 | 0.332 | 0.117 | 0.392 |
S.F.W | 0.201 | 0.085 | 0.361 | −0.052 | 0.284 | −0.022 | 0.086 |
I.F.W | 0.292 | 0.181 | 0.095 | −0.027 | 0.250 | −0.045 | −0.013 |
I.R | 0.265 | 0.199 | −0.240 | 0.030 | 0.099 | −0.048 | −0.114 |
F.L | 0.239 | 0.125 | 0.223 | 0.247 | −0.174 | −0.004 | −0.197 |
F.W | 0.280 | 0.036 | 0.080 | 0.258 | 0.199 | 0.053 | −0.247 |
F.H | 0.241 | 0.182 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.283 | 0.018 | −0.157 |
Eigenvalue | 7.41 | 4.67 | 3.26 | 3.10 | 2.03 | 1.47 | 1.00 |
Variations (%) | 29.64 | 18.70 | 13.05 | 12.39 | 8.12 | 5.88 | 3.98 |
Total variation (%) | 29.64 | 48.34 | 61.39 | 73.78 | 81.90 | 87.78 | 91.76 |
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Gündeşli, M.A.; Uğur, R.; Yaman, M. The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.). Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101086
Gündeşli MA, Uğur R, Yaman M. The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.). Horticulturae. 2023; 9(10):1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101086
Chicago/Turabian StyleGündeşli, Muhammet Ali, Remzi Uğur, and Mehmet Yaman. 2023. "The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.)" Horticulturae 9, no. 10: 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101086
APA StyleGündeşli, M. A., Uğur, R., & Yaman, M. (2023). The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.). Horticulturae, 9(10), 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101086