Traditional Herbal Remedies Used for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia in Italy: An Ethnopharmacological Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Anthemis arvensis L.
3.2. Clinopodium nepeta L.
3.3. Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
3.4. Humulus lupulus L.
3.5. Laurus nobilis L.
3.6. Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
3.7. Malva sylvestris L.
3.8. Matricaria chamomilla L.
3.9. Melissa officinalis L.
3.10. Ocimum basilicum L.
3.11. Papaver rhoeas L.
3.12. Papaver somniferum L.
3.13. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
3.14. Tilia platyphyllos Scop.
3.15. Valeriana officinalis L.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Botanical Name | Family | Parts Used | Preparation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea moschata L. | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [42,43] |
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Adiantaceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [44,45,46] |
Agrimonia eupatoria L. | Rosaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [43] |
Alchemilla group alpina L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [33] |
Alchemilla group vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [33] |
Aloysia citrodora Paláu (=Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) Kuntze) | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [31,45] |
Angelica archangelica L. | Apiaceae | Roots | Extract | [47] |
Angelica sylvestris L. | Apiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43] |
Anthemis arvensis L. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [44,45,46,48] |
Artemisia absinthium L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [49] |
Artemisia arborescens L. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [50] |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | Leaves, roots | [47,51,52] | |
Arum italicum Miller | Araceae | Leaves | Infusion | [53] |
Arum pictum L. f. | Araceae | Leaves | Infusion | [53] |
Avena fatua L. | Poaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [54] |
Avena sativa L. | Poaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [54] |
Ballota nigra L. | Solanaceae | Whole plant | [47] | |
Borago officinalis L. | Boraginaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43] |
Calendula officinalis L. | Asteraceae | Whole plant | [47] | |
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. | Valerianaceae | Whole plant, rhizome | Infusion | [31,55] |
Chamaemelum nobilis All. | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [56] |
Citrus aurantium L. | Rutaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [55] |
Citrus limon L. | Rutaceae | Fruits | Juice | [57,58] |
Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Rutaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [59] |
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (=Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi) | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [47,49,54,59,60,61] |
Conium maculatum L. | Apiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [62] |
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. and Körte | Papaveraceae | Tubers | Infusion | [47] |
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. | Rosaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [43,63,64] |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | Rosaceae | Flowers, leaves | Decoction | [31,43,44,45,49,54,65,66,67,68] |
Crocus sativus L. | Iridaceae | Pistil | Infusion | [51] |
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Rosaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [44] |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers | Poaceae | Roots | Decoction | [60] |
Dianthus seguieri Vill. | Caryophyllaceae | [69] | ||
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich | Cucurbitaceae | Roots, fruits | Decoction | [54] |
Foeniculum vulgare Miller | Apiaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [32,60] |
Humulus lupulus L. | Cannabaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [32,43,53,55,60,70,71] |
Hyoscyamus niger L. | Solanaceae | Seeds | [47] | |
Hypericum perforatum L. | Flowers | Infusion | [65] | |
Ilex aquifolium L. | Aquifoliaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [53,62] |
Jacobaea delphiniifolia (Vahl) Pelser and Veldkamp | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [62] |
Lactuca sativa L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Decoction | [32,43,55] |
Lactuca virosa L. | Asteraceae | Latex | Raw | [47] |
Laurus nobilis L. | Lauraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [52,55,57,61,72] |
Lavandula angustifolia Miller | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [31,62,65,73] |
Lavandula officinalis Chaix | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [65] |
Lavandula stoechas L. | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [57,72] |
Leucanthemum alpinum Lam. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43] |
Lolium multiflorum Lam. | Poaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [51] |
Lolium perenne L. | Poaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [51,74] |
Lotus corniculatus L. | Fabaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [47,75,76] |
Malva cretica Cav. | Malvaceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [59] |
Malva neglecta Wallr. | Malvaceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [59] |
Malva sylvestris L. | Malvaceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [58,59,60,77] |
Matricaria camomilla L. (=Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert) | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [31,33,42,43,45,47,49,50,51,53,55,56,57,58,59,60,63,64,65,68,72,73,74,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86] |
Matricaria discoidea DC. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [33] |
Melilotus officinalis Pall. | Fabaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [43] |
Melissa officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Whole plant | Infusion | [33,43,45,49,57,59,61,63,73,87,88] |
Melittis melissophyllum L. | Lamiaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [77] |
Mentha aquatica L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [59,62] |
Mentha piperita L. | Lamiaceae | Whole plant | Infusion | [59,61] |
Mentha spicata L. (=M. spicata L. subsp. glabrata (Lej. and Courtois) Lebeau) | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [59,62] |
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. subsp. suaveolens | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [62] |
Mentha viridis L. | Lamiaceae | Whole plant | Infusion | [57] |
Myrtus communis L. | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [44] |
Nepeta cataria L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [43,73,89] | |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves, flowers | Infusion | [43,49,54,63,72,82,90] |
Olea europaea L. | Oleaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [90] |
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. | Cactaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [59] |
Origanum majorana L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [44] |
Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viridulum (Martrin-Donos) Nyman | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43,86] |
Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. | Paeoniaceae | [91] | ||
Papaver rhoeas L. | Papaveraceae | Petals, fruits | Infusion | [31,32,43,44,45,46,47,48,50,53,59,60,61,62,63,64,66,67,72,73,77,79,82,85,86,88,92] |
Papaver setigerum DC. | Papaveraceae | Fruits | Decoction | [45,46] |
Papaver somniferum L. | Papaveraceae | Fruits | Infusion | [46,47,48,53,68] |
Passiflora caerulea L. | Passifloraceae | Fruits, seeds | Decoction | [32,45,46] |
Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | Fruits | Infusion | [43,57] |
Polypodium vulgare L. | Polypodiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43] |
Primula veris L. | Primulaceae | Flowers, leaves | Infusion | [43,65] |
Primula vulgaris Huds. | Primulaceae | Flowers | Decoction | [45,71] |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Rosaceae | Flowers | Decoction | [55] |
Robinia pseudacacia L. | Fabaceae | Flowers | Decoction | [63] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [44,45,60,61,77] |
Ruta chalepensis L. | Rutaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [82] |
Salix alba L. | Salicaceae | [76] | ||
Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [49,54] |
Santolina insularis (Gennari ex Fiori) Arrigoni | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [44] |
Senecio delphinifolius Vahl. | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Decoction | [68] |
Solanum nigrum L. | Solanaceae | [91,93] | ||
Sonchus oleraceus L. | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [94] |
Stachys recta L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [45,95] |
Tanacetum balsamita L. (=Balsamita major Desf.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Infusion | [43,47,76,96,97] |
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.-Bip. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [45,46] |
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. | Ranunculaceae | Leaves | [47] | |
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [89] | |
Thymus serpyllum L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | Infusion | [65] |
Tilia cordata Mill. | Malvaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [45,81,88] |
Tilia platyphyllus Scop. | Malvaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [31,43,59,60,84] |
Tilia sp. | Malvaceae | Flowers | Infusion | [42,66,82] |
Tussilago farfara L. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Infusion | [98] |
Urtica dioica L. | Urticaceae | Leaves | Infusion | [49] |
Valeriana montana L. | Valerianaceae | Rhizome | Decoction | [51] |
Valeriana officinalis L. | Valerianaceae | Rhizome, fruits | Decoction | [43,45,47,51,60,63,64,68,74] |
Valeriana tripteris L. | Valerianaceae | [99] | ||
Verbena officinalis L. | Verbenaceae | Flowers, leaves | Infusion | [44,45,46,100,101] |
Zea mays L. | Poaceae | Stigmas and styles | Infusion | [53] |
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (=Ziziphus sativa Gaertn.) | Rhamnaceae | Fruits | Decoction | [44] |
Plants | Major Bioactive Compounds | Mechanism of Action | Actions | Clinical Evidence | References |
Anthemis arvensis L. | n. a. | n. a. | S | N | [48] |
Clinopodium nepeta L. | Monoterpenoids: pulegone, menthone, 1,8-cineole and carvone | n. a. | S | N | [104,105,106] |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | Polyphenol: epicatechin Flavonol: hyperoside | n. a. | A, S | Y | [107,108,109] |
Humulus lupulus L. | Terpenes bitter acids: humulone and lupulone Chalcone: Xanthohumol Alcohol: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol |
| S | Only in combination with other herbs | [110,111,112,113,114,115] |
Laurus nobilis L. | Phenylpropanoids: eugenol and methyl eugenol Monoterpenoid: 1,8-cineole | n. a. | S | N | [116,117] |
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Monoterpenoids: linalool and linalyl acetate |
| A, S | Y | [118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126] |
Malva sylvestris L. | Flavonoids: malvin, malonylmalvin, alvidin, apigenin Monoterpenoid: linalool | n. a. | A, S | N | [127,128] |
Matricaria chamomilla L. | Flavonoid: apigenin |
| A, S | Y | [129,130,131,132,133,134,135] |
Melissa officinalis L. | Phenols: rosmarinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid |
| A | Y | [135,136,137,138] |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Monoterpenoid: linalool Phenylpropanoid: eugenol Phenylpropene: methyl chavicol | n. a. | A, S | N | [139,140,141] |
Papaver rhoeas L. | Flavonol: hyperoside | n. a. | A, S | N | [142,143] |
Papaver somniferum L. | Alkaloids: morphine, codeine, noscapine, and tubocurarine |
| S | N | [144,145] |
Rosmarisus officinalis L. | Phenols: rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid Flavones: cirsimaritin, salvigenin Monoterpenoid: 1,8 cineole Diterpenoids: carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol, Triterpenoid: ursolic acid |
| A, S | Y | [146,147] |
Tilia platyphyllus Scop. | Flavonoids: quercetin, isoquercitrin, and rutin |
| A, S | N | [148,149,150] |
Valeriana officinalis L. | Sesquiterpenes: valerenic acid and valerenol Valepotriates |
| A, S | Y | [135,151,152,153,154] |
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Motti, R.; de Falco, B. Traditional Herbal Remedies Used for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia in Italy: An Ethnopharmacological Overview. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120523
Motti R, de Falco B. Traditional Herbal Remedies Used for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia in Italy: An Ethnopharmacological Overview. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(12):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120523
Chicago/Turabian StyleMotti, Riccardo, and Bruna de Falco. 2021. "Traditional Herbal Remedies Used for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia in Italy: An Ethnopharmacological Overview" Horticulturae 7, no. 12: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120523