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Article

RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings

by
Mengjuan Bai
†,
Yu Xi
†,
Junqing Xue
,
Xiangfeng Xu
,
Mengmeng Xu
and
Liguo Feng
*
College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 20 August 2025 / Accepted: 25 August 2025 / Published: 1 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings represents the primary mode of reproduction in Rosa species. While numerous studies have reported physiological factors affecting cutting rooting, the genes regulating the formation of adventitious roots in roses have not yet been fully explored and studied. In this study, we demonstrate that Rosa rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ exhibits an indirect rooting pattern, requiring callus formation prior to root primordium differentiation. Phytohormone profiling revealed exceptionally high concentrations of auxin precursors, particularly tryptophan (Trp), in both callus and root tissues. Therefore, we identified and analyzed the members of the YUCCA family, which are the key rate-limiting enzymes in the tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway. A total of 11 RrYUCs family genes were identified, with RT-qPCR analysis showing that RrYUC10 was highly expressed in callus and root tissues. Functional studies confirmed its critical role in adventitious root formation: virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of RrYUC10 significantly inhibited AR development, whereas its overexpression enhanced rooting. Our findings have provided a molecular theoretical basis for the rooting of cuttings in roses.

1. Introduction

Asexual reproduction through cutting is one of the main methods of reproduction for many plants. It significantly shortens the reproductive cycle while maintaining the superior traits of the mother plant. Unlike the primary roots and lateral roots derived from embryonic origin, the roots formed by cutting are adventitious roots, which can originate from stems, leaves, and non-pericycle tissue in older roots [1,2,3].
Based on differences in genotypes and other factors, adventitious root development has two types: direct and indirect. The tissues involved in the process of root development are most frequently the cambium and vascular tissues, which undergo the first mitotic divisions, leading directly to the formation of root primordia, and then break through the epidermis to develop adventitious roots. This rooting method is also known as the periderm rooting type. The indirect rooting type is also known as the callus rooting type. That is, before the root primordium differentiates, the formation of callus tissue is observed, and then it further develops into adventitious roots [4]. Therefore, indirect rooting becomes significantly more challenging, as callus formation obstructs the functional connection between root primordia and the stem, impairing the transport of nutrients and regulatory signals [5].
Adventitious root formation capacity depends on a multitude of factors such as mother plant status and genetic, physiological, and abiotic factors, among others [6,7,8,9]. When environmental conditions are optimal for root initiation, adventitious root development ultimately depends on the availability and distribution of functional phytohormone receptors and signaling components, particularly within the auxin pathway [10,11]. Previous studies have demonstrated that endogenous auxin levels exhibit dynamic fluctuations throughout different rooting stages, and are needed at higher concentrations during the induction phase for proper rooting [12,13]. Studies of carnations and mangos showed the requirement for increased expression of auxin transporters and an increase in polar auxin transport during the induction and formation phase of adventitious roots [14,15].
In plants, IAA can be produced in both tryptophan (Trp)-dependent and Trp-independent manners [16,17]. The tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway initiates with the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) to indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA), catalyzed by TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and its TAA1-RELATED (TAR) protein homologs. This intermediate IPA then serves as the substrate for YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenases (FMOs), which catalyze its oxidative decarboxylation to produce the active auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Notably, this YUC-mediated reaction constitutes both the irreversible and rate-limiting step in the auxin biosynthetic pathway [18,19]. Most members of this family are involved in the de novo root organogenesis from leaf explants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Inhibition of YUC prevents expression of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 11 (WOX11) and fate transition of competent cells, resulting in the blocking of rooting [20].
Rosa rugosa Thunb. (R. rugosa), a deciduous shrub of the genus Rosa, is an East Asian native species characterized by its upright growth habit. It was first introduced to European and North American regions during the mid-19th century [21,22]. Beyond its horticultural value as a source of fragrant ornamental flowers, R. rugosa possesses significant medicinal importance due to its rich phytochemical profile. The flowers are widely used in traditional and folk medicine in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea due to the presence of secondary metabolites that exert pharmacological activities [23,24,25]. Cutting and grafting are two important methods for R. rugosa propagation. Due to the limitations of rootstock selection and technical difficulties, horticulturists tend to choose cutting. However, in practical production, the rooting rate of some R. rugosa varieties is very low and varies greatly among different varieties. While previous studies have primarily examined the environmental and physiological factors affecting rose cutting propagation, research investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of adventitious root formation in roses remains limited [26,27,28]. To enrich the molecular mechanism of R. rugosa cutting rooting, we used the representative R. rugosa variety ‘Feng Hua’ for a series of experiments. In this study, we characterized the rooting patterns and efficiency of R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ cuttings and identified RrYUC10, a key auxin biosynthesis gene. Functional analyses confirmed that RrYUC10 acts as a positive regulator of adventitious root formation. The objective of this study was to advance the molecular understanding of adventitious root formation in R. rugosa and to establish a theoretical foundation for enhancing the efficiency of cutting-based propagation.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions

In May 2024, current-year shoots were collected from 5-year-old R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ (obtained from the Rose Resource Garden of Yangzhou University). The shoots were cut into 6–8 cm cuttings, each containing bud points and retaining 1–2 leaves. A total of 28 cuttings were then planted in a growth substrate (vermiculite/nutrient soil/perlite, 2:1:1) and cultivated in a greenhouse under controlled conditions (24 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark). After 30 days of cultivation, all cuttings were carefully removed from the substrate, observed and counted for callus formation. Then, the cuttings with callus formation were further cultivated in the substrate until adventitious roots were produced.

2.2. Detection of Phytohormones

Fresh calluses and roots were harvested, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground into powder, and stored at −80 °C until needed. In total, 50 mg of sample was weighed into a 2 mL plastic microtube and frozen in liquid nitrogen, and dissolved in 1 mL methanol/water/formic acid (15:4:1, v/v/v). A total of 10 μL of internal standard mixed solution (100 ng/mL) was added into the extract as internal standards (ISs) for the quantitation. The mixture was vortexed for 10 min, then centrifugation for 5× g min (12,000 r/min, and 4 °C); the supernatant was transferred to clean plastic microtubes, followed by evaporation to dryness and being dissolved in 100 μL of 80% methanol (v/v), and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter for further LC-MS/MS analysis [29]. Phytohormone contents were detected by MetWare (http://www.metware.cn/, accessed on 10 November 2024) based on the AB Sciex QTRAP 6500 LC-MS/MS platform.

2.3. Identification of RrYUCs and Phylogenetic Analyses

The R. rugosa genomes were obtained from the eplant database (http://eplant.njau.edu.cn, accessed on 2 March 2022) [30]. The Arabidopsis AtYUCs sequences were obtained from TAIR (https://www.arabidopsis.org/, accessed on 2 May 2024), and the rice OsYUCs sequences were obtained from RGAP (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/, accessed on 2 May 2024). Potential RrYUCs sequences were identified through homology searches using Arabidopsis AtYUCs sequences as queries in TBtools v1.045’ BLAST Wrapper. Candidate proteins were then screened from the R. rugosa genome using HMMER 3.3.2 with an E-value cutoff of E-5. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 7.0 [31], incorporating the identified RrYUCs proteins along with reference YUC sequences from Arabidopsis (AtYUCs) and rice (OsYUCs).

2.4. Chromosomal Location, Gene Structure, and Motif Analysis of RrYUCs Family

The RrYUCs were mapped to the chromosome based on the R. rugosa genome information and visualized by TBtools v1.045 [32]. Conserved protein motifs were analyzed using MEME Suite (https://meme-suite.org/meme/, accessed on 2 May 2024) with default parameters, identifying the top 10 significant motifs. Gene structures and motif distributions were subsequently illustrated using the Gene Structure View function in TBtools v1.045.

2.5. RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR

Total RNA was isolated from callus tissues, adventitious roots, and RrYUC10 transgenic plant materials using the FastPure Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit (Polysaccharides & Polyphenolics–Rich) (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using the HiScript III RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (Vazyme). RT-qPCR was conducted using gene-specific primers (Supplementary Table S1). Relative gene expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [33], with Rr5.8s serving as the internal reference gene for normalization [34].

2.6. VIGS

An about 400 bp fragment of the RrYUC10 was cloned into the pTRV2 vector to generate silencing constructs (TRV-RrYUC10). Briefly, a mixture of Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) cultures containing pTRV1 and TRV-RrYUC10 at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) was adjusted to OD600 = 0.6; a mixture of cultures harboring pTRV1 and empty pTRV2 was used as a negative control. Subsequently, the rose cuttings were immersed in the Agrobacterium cell suspension for vacuum infiltration. After being immersed in the solution, the cuttings were briefly rinsed with distilled water and then planted in substrate composed of quartz, perlite, and peat moss, mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1 (v/v/v).

2.7. Transgenic Assays Mediated by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes

The coding sequences of RrYUC10 were cloned into the pFAST-R05 vectors to construct the overexpression vectors (35s:RrYUC10). Then, 35s:RrYUC10 (with 35s:Empty as a control) plasmids were introduced into Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 to obtain positive Agrobacterium. R. rugosa cuttings (lower end of morphology), which were then immersed in the bacterial suspension and subsequently planted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. Hairy roots emerged approximately three weeks post inoculation and were used for subsequent experiments.

2.8. Root Configuration Observation and Analysis

The root images and related data (including total length, surface area, and lateral root number) were acquired using a flat-bed scanner (perfection V800; Epson, Nagano, Japan).

3. Results

3.1. Analysis of Hormone Types in Callus and Root

To investigate the rooting characteristics of R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’, we conducted a cutting propagation experiment using 28 current-year shoots. After 30 days of cultivation, morphological observations demonstrated that 18 cuttings (64.3%) had developed callus tissue at their basal ends, while the remaining 10 cuttings (35.7%) exhibited neither callus initiation nor adventitious root formation. Notably, 13 of these callus-forming cuttings (46.4% of total) subsequently produced adventitious roots (Figure 1A–C). These findings clearly indicate that ‘Feng Hua’ exhibits a callus-dependent rooting pattern during vegetative propagation.
Adventitious rooting is a complex process, in which hormones play an important role. Therefore, we examined the hormones present in calluses and adventitious roots. The results showed that both calluses and roots contained auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and gibberellin (GA) (Table 1). Notably, the content of auxin precursor tryptophan (TRP) and indole derivatives is significantly higher than that of other hormone substances in both callus and root tissues. KEGG pathway classification and enrichment analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) revealed that TRP and indole-related compounds were key differential metabolites in roots (Figure 2A,B). These findings suggest that auxin metabolism is actively involved in both callus formation and subsequent root initiation in R. rugosa.

3.2. RrYUCs Family Identification in R. rugosa

In plants, the most well-defined pathway of auxin biosynthesis is the highly conserved TAA/YUC route, in which tryptophan aminotransferases and YUC flavin-dependent monooxygenases produce the auxin IAA from tryptophan [19]. Therefore, we screened all possible RrYUCs family members in the rose genome database of R. rugosa using Arabidopsis YUCs family members as query sequences. A total of 11 RrYUCs proteins were identified using a comprehensive method (see the Materials and Methods section). According to the protein sequence similarities among AtYUCs and RrYUCs, the RrYUCs family was divided into four clades (I, II, III, and IV) in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3A). Chromosome mapping revealed that the RrYUCs were unevenly distributed within the R. rugosa genome composed of seven chromosomes. Among them, chromosome 2 contained the maximum RrYUCs (6, 54.5%), there is no distribution of the YUC gene on chromosomes 3, 5, and 7 (Figure 3B).
Further, the conserved motifs, exon–intron structure, and phylogeny were analyzed for a better understanding of structural diversity among the RrYUCs proteins. A total of ten conserved motifs were identified for RrYUCs proteins (Figure S1). The composition and quantity of the conserved motifs (motifs 1–10) are basically consistent across all RrYUCs proteins, except that motifs 9 and 10 are absent in subfamily IV. The number of introns in the RrYUCs genes is mostly two or three, except for the evm.model.Chr2.3468 gene which contains five introns (Figure 4). These results indicate the high conservation of the RrYUCs protein structure and function evolution.

3.3. Expression Profiling of RrYUCs Genes in Roots and Calluses

Next, we performed RT-qPCR to analyze the expression of the RrYUCs gene in the calluses and roots that were selected. The results revealed that some RrYUCs genes were hardly expressed in callus and root, except for evm.model.Chr2.4040, evm.model.Chr2.2690, evm.model.Chr2.642, and evm.model.Chr2.1946 genes (Figure 5). Among them, the expression of the evm.model.Chr2.4040 gene was the most significant in both tissues, suggesting that this gene may play a role in the process of adventitious root formation. Phylogenetic analysis in Figure 3 demonstrates that the evm.model.Chr2.4040 gene clusters within subfamily IV (Figure 5). BLAST searches against the Arabidopsis thaliana database revealed that this gene exhibits the highest sequence similarity to AtYUC10, leading to its designation as RrYUC10.

3.4. RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Rooting in R. rugosa

In Arabidopsis, YUC1, YUC2, YUC4, and YUC6 contribute to rooting from leaf explants. Based on most of RrYUC10 gene expressing highly in roots and calluses, we were prompted to test the function of RrYUC10 in R. rugosa. Therefore, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was employed to silence the endogenous RrYUC10 gene in R. chinensis (Figure 6B). As shown in Figure 6, the root architecture of the TRV- RrYUC10 plants showed significant changes compared to the control (Figure 6A). Specifically, the total length, surface area, and lateral root number of the roots were significantly lower than those of the control plants (Figure 6C–E). On the contrary, overexpressing RrYUC10 using hairy root technology resulted in the opposite phenotype: the transgenic lines RrYUC10-OE displayed increased total root length, surface area, and adventitious root number relative to wild-type plants (Figure 7). These genetic evidence proved RrYUC10 positively regulates root formation in roses.

4. Discussion

R. rugosa is a significant ornamental plant in horticulture, as well as a medicinal and edible resource. Propagation by cuttings is one of its primary reproductive methods. While previous research on rooting in the Rosa genus has predominantly focused on physiological aspects [26,27,28], the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the types of adventitious root formation in cuttings from R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ plants, measured the types and levels of hormones during the rooting process, and identified the function of RrYUC10 gene. Our findings provide a critical foundation for unraveling the molecular regulatory network controlling adventitious rooting in R. rugosa cuttings.
In this study, after 30 days of cutting cultivation, 64.3% of cuttings developed calluses, while the remaining 35.7% exhibited neither callus initiation nor adventitious root formation. Although the developmental trajectory of the remaining 35.7% of cuttings was not assessed over an extended period, the absence of any observable tissue formation after 30 days of cultivation strongly suggests that ‘Feng Hua’ is an indirect rooting type during vegetative propagation. Further, the cuttings that had formed calluses did not all develop adventitious roots, and the final result revealed a rooting efficiency of only 46.4% (Figure 1). For the indirect rooting type, a critical bottleneck is the establishment of a functional vascular connection between the newly formed root primordium and the stem vascular system [4,35]. This might be one of the reasons for the low rooting rate of ‘Feng Hua’.
Generally, adventitious roots typically emerge at detached or wounded sites of plant organs, where rapid hormone accumulation occurs. Notably, auxin has been consistently identified as a positive regulator of adventitious root formation across diverse plant species, including rose [26,36,37,38]. In this study, significant accumulation of auxin precursors (TRP and indole) was observed in callus and root tissues (Figure 2, Table 1), indicating that cells actively stockpile these substrates to facilitate rapid auxin biosynthesis during adventitious root initiation. In addition, our results demonstrate significant phenylalanine (Phe) accumulation in callus and root tissues (Table 1). In plants, Phe serves as a primary precursor for SA biosynthesis through the phenylpropanoid pathway [39]. As a crucial defense hormone, SA typically accumulates in wounded tissues, where it orchestrates both local and systemic immune responses. However, SA exerts concentration-dependent regulation on adventitious root formation. For example, low SA concentrations promote adventitious rooting and modify root apical meristem architecture while high concentrations inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis [40]. In cucumbers, optimal exogenous SA application enhances local free IAA levels to stimulate hypocotyl adventitious root formation [41]. Therefore, the precise role of SA in the adventitious root formation of R. rugosa plants remains to be elucidated.
The pronounced accumulation of auxin biosynthetic precursors, TRP, and indole strongly implicates the importance of the auxin synthesis pathway in the process of adventitious root formation in R. rugosa. YUC is a key enzyme in the auxin synthesis pathway of plants. At present, the YUC family has been characterized in multiple plant species, including Arabidopsis [20], Mikania micrantha [42], Coffea canephora [43], apple [44], mung bean [45], wheat [46], and Chinese cabbage [47]. In R. rugosa, we identified a total of 11 RrYUCs genes (Figure 3 and Figure 4), which is identical to the number found in Arabidopsis. This observation suggests that the RrYUCs family in R. rugosa has not undergone evolutionary expansion. We conducted expression profile analysis of 11 RrYUCs genes in roots and callus tissues. The results showed that RrYUC10 was significantly expressed. Further functional verification indicated that RrYUC10 exerted a positive regulatory effect in the formation of adventitious roots in R. rugosa (Figure 5). During the rooting process of plant explants in Arabidopsis leaves, YUC10 was not detected in the formation of adventitious roots [20]. This variation may be attributed to interspecific diversity and explant type. Nevertheless, we successfully identified the RrYUCs family in R. rugosa and further characterized a RrYUC10 gene implicated in the regulation of root architecture.
Auxin plays pivotal roles in both plant growth regulation and stress adaptation [48]. Previous studies have reported that YUC6-mediated auxin biosynthesis modulates root architecture in Arabidopsis [49] and poplar [50], thereby enhancing the drought resistance of these transgenic plants. The RrYUC10 transgenic plants in this study exhibited significant changes in root architecture (Figure 6 and Figure 7), which prompted us to further investigate its function in drought resistance in future research.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we demonstrated that R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ exhibits an indirect rooting pattern during cutting propagation. Hormone profiling revealed a crucial role of the auxin biosynthesis pathway in adventitious root formation. Among the 11 identified RrYUCs genes, RrYUC10 was highly upregulated in callus and root tissues. Functional characterization further confirmed that RrYUC10 acts as a positive regulator of adventitious root formation. These findings provide molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying adventitious root formation in R. rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ plants.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturae11091027/s1, Figure S1: Top 10 conserved motifs of RrYUCs family; Table S1: List of related primers sequences used in the paper.

Author Contributions

M.B. wrote the manuscript, Y.X. executed most of the experiments, M.X. and X.X. executed parts of the experiments, J.X. and X.X. revised the format, L.F. conceived and designed the experiments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC (grant number 32302587) and the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project of Yangzhou University (XCX20250707).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Horticulturae 11 01027 g001
Figure 1. The rooting type of ‘Feng Hua’ is the indirect rooting type. The formation of calluses (A) and adventitious roots (B) after the cutting cultivation. Scale bar = 1 cm. (C) The ratio of callus formation and root development after the cutting cultivation.
Figure 1. The rooting type of ‘Feng Hua’ is the indirect rooting type. The formation of calluses (A) and adventitious roots (B) after the cutting cultivation. Scale bar = 1 cm. (C) The ratio of callus formation and root development after the cutting cultivation.
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Figure 2. KEGG pathway classification and enrichment analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites in calluses and adventitious roots. KEGG pathway classification (A) and enrichment analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites (B).
Figure 2. KEGG pathway classification and enrichment analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites in calluses and adventitious roots. KEGG pathway classification (A) and enrichment analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites (B).
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Figure 3. The phylogeny (A) and chromosome location (B) of RrYUCs family of Rosa rugosa. The dendrogram of GTs of R. rugosa, Oryza sativa (OsYUCs), and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtYUCs) was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates (numbers in branches). Nodes were colored according to the four lineages of YUCs family.
Figure 3. The phylogeny (A) and chromosome location (B) of RrYUCs family of Rosa rugosa. The dendrogram of GTs of R. rugosa, Oryza sativa (OsYUCs), and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtYUCs) was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates (numbers in branches). Nodes were colored according to the four lineages of YUCs family.
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Figure 4. The conserved motifs and exon–intron structures of the RrYUCs family. Four lineages are indicated by colored branches of NJ-dendrogram. The top 10 conserved motifs (boxes with numbers) were located by amino acid scale plate. The exons (green boxes) and introns (lines) were located by the nucleotide scale plate.
Figure 4. The conserved motifs and exon–intron structures of the RrYUCs family. Four lineages are indicated by colored branches of NJ-dendrogram. The top 10 conserved motifs (boxes with numbers) were located by amino acid scale plate. The exons (green boxes) and introns (lines) were located by the nucleotide scale plate.
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Figure 5. Relative expression profile of RrYUCs genes in root and callus of R. rugosa. The color scale on the right indicates expression values, with blue indicating low transcript abundance, and red indicating high levels of transcript abundance.
Figure 5. Relative expression profile of RrYUCs genes in root and callus of R. rugosa. The color scale on the right indicates expression values, with blue indicating low transcript abundance, and red indicating high levels of transcript abundance.
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Figure 6. Silencing of RrYUC10 led to a decrease in the number of adventitious roots of Rosa chinensis. (A) Images, (B) expression levels of RrYUC10, (C) total length, (D) surface area, and (E) lateral root number of silenced lines and mock-treated seedlings of R. chinensis. Expression levels of RrYUC10 were determined by RT-qPCR in different genotypes; the Rr5.8s gene was used as a reference. Three biological replicates were performed for each experiment. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s HSD method; **** p < 0.0001 and * p < 0.05.
Figure 6. Silencing of RrYUC10 led to a decrease in the number of adventitious roots of Rosa chinensis. (A) Images, (B) expression levels of RrYUC10, (C) total length, (D) surface area, and (E) lateral root number of silenced lines and mock-treated seedlings of R. chinensis. Expression levels of RrYUC10 were determined by RT-qPCR in different genotypes; the Rr5.8s gene was used as a reference. Three biological replicates were performed for each experiment. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s HSD method; **** p < 0.0001 and * p < 0.05.
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Figure 7. Overexpressing of RrYUC10 led to an increase in the number of adventitious roots of R. rugosa. (A) Images, (B) expression levels of RrYUC10, (C) total length, (D) surface area, and (E) lateral root number of silenced lines and mock-treated seedlings of R. rugosa. Expression levels of R rYUC10 were determined by RT-qPCR in different genotypes; the Rr5.8s gene was used as a reference. Three biological replicates were performed for each experiment. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s HSD method; ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05.
Figure 7. Overexpressing of RrYUC10 led to an increase in the number of adventitious roots of R. rugosa. (A) Images, (B) expression levels of RrYUC10, (C) total length, (D) surface area, and (E) lateral root number of silenced lines and mock-treated seedlings of R. rugosa. Expression levels of R rYUC10 were determined by RT-qPCR in different genotypes; the Rr5.8s gene was used as a reference. Three biological replicates were performed for each experiment. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s HSD method; ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05.
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Table 1. The types and contents of hormones in callus and root.
Table 1. The types and contents of hormones in callus and root.
CompoundsCallus (ng/g)Root (ng/g)
TRP64,012.2649 ± 5782.0248,337.16 ± 8157.33
Indole9298.86 ± 1474.747988.50 ± 2832.12
IAA3.56 ± 2.2510.37 ± 0.71
ABA108.14 ± 63.3092.32 ± 22.28
CK1.16 ± 0.842.25 ± 0.42
Phe21,512.09 ± 2745.4318,819.67 ± 2573.05
SA353.11 ± 77.63381.08 ± 35.09
JA63.00 ± 11.4181.94 ± 10.04
GA244.15 ± 153.6546.15 ± 7.94
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bai, M.; Xi, Y.; Xue, J.; Xu, X.; Xu, M.; Feng, L. RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings. Horticulturae 2025, 11, 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027

AMA Style

Bai M, Xi Y, Xue J, Xu X, Xu M, Feng L. RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(9):1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bai, Mengjuan, Yu Xi, Junqing Xue, Xiangfeng Xu, Mengmeng Xu, and Liguo Feng. 2025. "RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings" Horticulturae 11, no. 9: 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027

APA Style

Bai, M., Xi, Y., Xue, J., Xu, X., Xu, M., & Feng, L. (2025). RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings. Horticulturae, 11(9), 1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027

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