Duration of Steam Distillation Affects Essential Oil Fractions in Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Steam Distillation Conditions
2.3. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analyses and Compound Identification
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GC-MS Profile
3.2. The Association between Distillation Duration and Chemical Degradation
3.3. Antimicrobial Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | RT | RI | Component Content (%) ± SD | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(min) | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | S | ||
Methyl angelate | 3.38 | 802 | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 ab | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | – | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | – | 0.12 ± 0.01 ab |
2-Methyl-2-heptene | 3.99 | 840 | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 c | 0.07 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 c | – | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | – | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
α-Pinene | 6.29 | 938 | 25.90 ± 0.78 a | 17.80 ± 0.53 b | 14.98 ± 0.45 c | 12.40 ± 0.37 d | 10.08 ± 0.28 e | 9.39 ± 0.25 f | 8.42 ± 0.23 g | 6.61 ± 0.20 h | 21.04 ± 0.63 i |
α-Fenchene | 6.67 | 950 | 0.58 ± 0.02 a | 0.42 ± 0.02 b | 0.35 ± 0.02 c | 0.28 ± 0.02 d | 0.22 ± 0.01 e | 0.21 ± 0.01 ef | 0.19 ± 0.01 f | 0.15 ± 0.01 g | 0.46 ± 0.02 h |
Camphene | 6.70 | 952 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.07 ± 0.01 d | 0.18 ± 0.01 e |
β-Pinene | 7.66 | 979 | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.27 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 d | 0.19 ± 0.01 e | 0.19 ± 0.01 e | 0.18 ± 0.03 e | 0.14 ± 0.01 f | 0.39 ± 0.02 g |
Myrcene | 8.16 | 992 | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.09 ± 0.01 abc | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.11 ± 0.01 a |
α-Phellandrene | 8.60 | 1003 | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | – | – | – | 0.08 ± 0.01 a |
α-Terpinene | 9.18 | 1018 | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 bc | 0.09 ± 0.01 bc | 0.08 ± 0.02 cd | 0.08 ± 0.01 cd | 0.08 ± 0.01 cd | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
p-Cymene | 9.52 | 1027 | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 bc | 0.10 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.09 ± 0.01 cd | 0.08 ± 0.01 d | 0.13 ± 0.01 b |
Limonene | 9.70 | 1031 | 4.55 ± 0.14 a | 2.99 ± 0.09 b | 2.58 ± 0.08 c | 2.37 ± 0.08 d | 2.05 ± 0.05 e | 1.91 ± 0.05 f | 1.86 ± 0.04 g | 1.52 ± 0.04 h | 3.56 ± 0.11 i |
1.8-Cineole | 9.78 | 1033 | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 0.15 ± 0.01 d | 0.11 ± 0.01 e | 0.11 ± 0.01 e | 0.09 ± 0.01 e | 0.28 ± 0.01 b |
Isobutyl angelate | 10.73 | 1054 | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 bc | 0.19 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.17 ± 0.01 bcde | 0.16 ± 0.01 cde | 0.16 ± 0.01 cde | 0.13 ± 0.01 de | 0.30 ± 0.02 af |
γ-Terpinene | 11.06 | 1061 | 0.40 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 bc | 0.19 ± 0.01 cd | 0.20 ± 0.01 cd | 0.20 ± 0.01 cd | 0.16 ± 0.01 d | 0.34 ± 0.02 e |
Terpinolene | 12.51 | 1089 | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 bc | 0.12 ± 0.01 bc | 0.11 ± 0.01 bc | 0.12 ± 0.01 bc | 0.12 ± 0.01 bc | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.01 ab |
Linalool | 13.09 | 1100 | 0.82 ± 0.01 a | 0.55 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.01 c | 0.43 ± 0.02 d | 0.38 ± 0.01 e | 0.34 ± 0.01 f | 0.36 ± 0.01 ef | 0.29 ± 0.01 g | 0.65 ± 0.01 h |
Isoamyl- 2-Methylbutyrate | 13.33 | 1105 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 ab | 0.17 ± 0.01 bc | 0.17 ± 0.01 bc | 0.16 ± 0.01 bc | 0.15 ± 0.01 bc | 0.16 ± 0.01 bc | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab |
Isoamyl angelate | 16.07 | 1157 | 1.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.76 ± 0.02 b | 0.70 ± 0.02 c | 0.72 ± 0.03 c | 0.67 ± 0.02 d | 0.63 ± 0.02 e | 0.64 ± 0.02 de | 0.53 ± 0.02 f | 1.00 ± 0.03 g |
Terpinene-4-ol | 17.33 | 1178 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 bc | 0.13 ± 0.01 cd | 0.11 ± 0.01 de | 0.09 ± 0.01 e | 0.10 ± 0.01 de | 0.08 ± 0.01 d | 0.20 ± 0.01 a |
α-Terpineol | 17.98 | 1188 | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.02 a | 0.45 ± 0.03 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 a | 0.58 ± 0.03 b | 0.62 ± 0.02 c | 0.63 ± 0.02 c | 0.48 ± 0.02 a |
Myrtenol | 18.12 | 1190 | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 ab | 0.24 ± 0.01 ac | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.01 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 d | 0.16 ± 0.01 d | 0.13 ± 0.01 e | 0.27 ± 0.02 ab |
Nerol | 20.44 | 1230 | 0.57 ± 0.02 a | 0.68 ± 0.03 b | 0.68 ± 0.03 b | 0.66 ± 0.02 b | 0.59 ± 0.02 ad | 0.55 ± 0.03 ac | 0.59 ± 0.02 ad | 0.51 ± 0.02 c | 0.63 ± 0.03 bd |
MTOL | 20.68 | 1234 | – | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 a |
Hexyl angelate | 24.07 | 1288 | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 b | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 bc | 0.23 ± 0.02 bc | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 0.32 ± 0.01 a |
Eugenol | 28.74 | 1365 | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.26 ± 0.01 d | 0.28 ± 0.01 d | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 c | 0.27 ± 0.01 d |
Neryl acetate | 29.00 | 1369 | 6.01 ± 0.18 a | 7.33 ± 0.23 b | 7.17 ± 0.21 bc | 7.05 ± 0.22 c | 6.50 ± 0.20 d | 6.09 ± 0.18 a | 6.14 ± 0.18 a | 5.69 ± 0.18 e | 6.23 ± 0.19 a |
α-Copaene | 29.39 | 1375 | 3.03 ± 0.10 a | 2.55 ± 0.08 b | 2.36 ± 0.07 c | 2.34 ± 0.07 c | 2.18 ± 0.06 d | 2.15 ± 0.06 d | 2.12 ± 0.06 d | 1.98 ± 0.05 e | 2.78 ± 0.08 f |
Italicene | 31.02 | 1399 c | 3.61 ± 0.11 a | 3.40 ± 0.10 ab | 3.26 ± 0.11 b | 3.18 ± 0.10 bc | 3.07 ± 0.10 cd | 3.09 ± 0.10 cd | 3.01 ± 0.10 d | 2.98 ± 0.06 d | 3.34 ± 0.11 b |
cis-α-Bergamotene + β-Caryophyllene | 31.98 | 1416 | 5.21 ± 0.16 a | 5.19 ± 0.17 a | 5.10 ± 0.16 ab | 5.19 ± 0.16 a | 4.82 ± 0.15 b | 4.78 ± 0.15 bc | 4.71 ± 0.14 c | 4.57 ± 0.15 c | 5.24 ± 0.16 a |
trans-α-Bergamotene | 33.09 | 1436 | 1.04 ± 0.03 a | 1.03 ± 0.03 a | 0.99 ± 0.02 a | 1.00 ± 0.03 ab | 0.91 ± 0.02 b | 0.95 ± 0.02 ab | 0.94 ± 0.02 ab | 0.91 ± 0.02 b | 1.05 ± 0.03 a |
Italidione I | 33.51 | 1443 | 1.61 ± 0.05 a | 2.25 ± 0.06 b | 2.60 ± 0.06 ce | 2.84 ± 0.08 d | 2.86 ± 0.08 d | 2.69 ± 0.06 ce | 2.99 ± 0.08 df | 2.89 ± 0.08 d | 1.79 ± 0.08 g |
α-Guaiene | 33.99 | 1451 | 0.32 ±0.01 a | 0.39 ±0.04 b | 0.39 ±0.03 b | 0.43 ±0.04 bc | 0.44 ±0.03 c | 0.41 ±0.04 bc | 0.35 ±0.03 ab | 0.41 ±0.03 bc | 0.37 ±0.03 b |
α-Humulene + Neryl propionate | 34.42 | 1458 | 1.05 ± 0.02 a | 1.41 ± 0.03 b | 1.50 ± 0.05 c | 1.59 ± 0.04 c | 1.70 ± 0.06 d | 1.54 ± 0.04 c | 1.53 ± 0.04 c | 1.55 ± 0.04 c | 1.23 ± 0.04 e |
α-Acoradiene | 34.65 | 1462 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.38 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 c | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a |
β-Acoradiene | 34.84 | 1465 | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.03 a | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 b | 0.52 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.26 ± 0.01 c | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a |
γ-Selinene | 35.41 | 1474 | 1.56 ± 0.05 a | 1.78 ± 0.06 bc | 1.87 ± 0.08 b | 1.70 ± 0.06 c | 1.98 ± 0.08 bd | 1.91 ± 0.07 b | 1.93 ± 0.07 b | 1.82 ± 0.06 b | 1.69 ± 0.06 c |
γ-Curcumene | 35.88 | 1481 | 14.55 ± 0.43 a | 18.35 ± 0.55 b | 18.42 ± 0.54 b | 19.39 ± 0.58 cd | 19.88 ± 0.57 d | 17.58 ± 0.52 e | 17.24 ± 0.53 e | 18.81 ± 0.54 b | 14.89 ± 0.45 a |
ar-Curcumene | 36.06 | 1484 | 8.96 ± 0.27 a | 10.71 ± 0.30 b | 11.60 ± 0.31 cd | 12.01 ± 0.31 d | 10.92 ± 0.33 b | 13.64 ± 0.41 eg | 14.16 ± 0.45 f | 13.33 ± 0.41 g | 10.91 ± 0.35 b |
Italidione II | 36.42 | 1490 | 1.54 ± 0.05 a | 1.92 ± 0.06 b | 2.36 ± 0.08 c | 1.89 ± 0.06 b | 2.53 ± 0.08 d | 2.17 ± 0.07 e | 2.55 ± 0.08 d | 2.11 ± 0.07 e | 1.39 ± 0.05 f |
β-Selinene | 36.60 | 1493 | 3.68 ± 0.12 a | 4.35 ± 0.15 b | 4.62 ± 0.14 c | 4.69 ± 0.14 cd | 4.95 ± 0.16 e | 5.06 ± 0.16 e | 4.84 ± 0.15 d | 4.71 ± 0.16 d | 4.02 ± 0.16 f |
α-Selinene | 36.92 | 1498 | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 0.44 ± 0.02 b | 0.56 ± 0.02 c | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 0.68 ± 0.02 d | 0.61 ± 0.02 e | 0.51 ± 0.01 f | 0.42 ± 0.01 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 g |
α-Muurolene | 37.32 | 1504 | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | 0.52 ± 0.02 c | 0.34 ± 0.01 b | 0.73 ± 0.02 d | 0.61 ± 0.03 e | 0.51 ± 0.02 c | 0.70 ± 0.02 d | 0.46 ± 0.02 f |
β-Bisabolene | 37.49 | 1508 | – | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | – | 0.38 ± 0.01 c | 0.29 ± 0.01 d | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 0.25 ± 0.01 e |
β-Curcumene | 37.78 | 1513 | 1.20 ± 0.04 a | 1.84 ± 0.05 b | 2.14 ± 0.07 c | 1.89 ± 0.05 b | 2.26 ± 0.07 d | 2.21 ± 0.07 cd | 2.13 ± 0.06 c | 2.35 ± 0.07 e | 1.61 ± 0.06 f |
γ-Cadinene | 38.30 | 1522 | 0.98 ± 0.03 a | 1.45 ± 0.04 b | 1.59 ± 0.04 c | 1.70 ± 0.05 de | 1.78 ± 0.05 df | 1.70 ± 0.05 de | 1.64 ± 0.04 ce | 1.84 ± 0.05 f | 1.28 ± 0.04 g |
δ-Cadinene | 38.79 | 1531 | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 b | 0.54 ± 0.02 c | 0.54 ± 0.02 c | 0.70 ± 0.02 d | 0.68 ± 0.03 d | 0.67 ± 0.02 d | 0.71 ± 0.02 d | 0.44 ± 0.01 b |
α-Cadinene | 39.23 | 1539 | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 c | 0.32 ± 0.01 bc | 0.50 ± 0.02 d | 0.51 ± 0.02 d | 0.44 ± 0.02 e | 0.48 ± 0.01 d | 0.29 ± 0.01 b |
α-Calacorene | 39.48 | 1543 | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 bc | 0.18 ± 0.01 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.01 bc | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b |
Nerolidol | 40.74 | 1565 | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 c | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd | 0.32 ± 0.01 d | 0.50 ± 0.02 de | 0.47 ± 0.01 e | 0.47 ± 0.01 e | 0.25 ± 0.01 b |
Neryl isovalerate | 41.38 | 1576 | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.58 ± 0.02 b | 0.77 ± 0.03 c | 0.92 ± 0.04 d | 0.95 ± 0.04 d | 0.94 ± 0.04 d | 1.26 ± 0.05 e | 1.06 ± 0.04 f | 0.59 ± 0.02 b |
Italidione III | 41.69 | 1581 | 1.01 ± 0.03 a | 1.27 ± 0.04 b | 1.33 ± 0.04 b | 1.99 ± 0.06 c | 2.27 ± 0.06 d | 2.75 ± 0.08 e | 2.65 ± 0.08 e | 3.18 ± 0.10 f | 1.45 ± 0.05 g |
Caryophyllene oxide | 42.52 | 1595 | 0.26 ± 0.01 ab | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.02 c | 0.39 ± 0.02 c | 0.48 ± 0.03 d | 0.49 ± 0.02 de | 0.53 ± 0.02 e | 0.33 ± 0.01 b |
Guaiol | 42.76 | 1599 | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.47 ± 0.02 b | 0.60 ± 0.03 c | 0.93 ± 0.03 d | 1.16 ± 0.03 e | 1.61 ± 0.05 f | 1.58 ± 0.05 f | 2.03 ± 0.06 g | 0.57 ± 0.02 c |
Rosifoliol | 42.98 | 1602 | 0.68 ± 0.02 a | 0.59 ± 0.02 b | 0.67 ± 0.02 a | 0.87 ± 0.03 c | 0.98 ± 0.03 d | 1.25 ± 0.04 e | 1.22 ± 0.04 e | 1.40 ± 0.06 f | 0.83 ± 0.03 c |
Eudesm-5-en-11-ol | 43.28 | 1608 | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.31 ± 0.01 d | 0.36 ± 0.02 e | 0.38 ± 0.01 e | 0.48 ± 0.02 f | 0.55 ± 0.02 g | 0.25 ± 0.01 c |
10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | 43.56 | 1613 | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 ac | 0.17 ± 0.01 de | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 0.16 ± 0.01 e | 0.28 ± 0.01 f | 0.35 ± 0.01 g | 0.12 ± 0.01 c |
SQOL1 | 44.15 | 1625 | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 0.27 ± 0.01 c | 0.37 ± 0.02 d | 0.46 ± 0.02 e | 0.54 ± 0.02 f | 0.18 ± 0.01 g |
SQOL2 | 44.35 | 1628 | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 b | 0.44 ± 0.01 c | 0.65 ± 0.02 d | 0.63 ± 0.02 d | 0.80 ± 0.03 e | 0.84 ± 0.03 e | 1.02 ± 0.04 f | 0.39 ± 0.02 g |
γ-Eudesmol | 44.49 | 1631 | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | 0.45 ± 0.01 e | 0.49 ± 0.01 f | 0.52 ± 0.01 g | 0.32 ± 0.01 c |
Epi-α-Cadinol | 44.87 | 1638 | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 c | 0.36 ± 0.01 d | 0.51 ± 0.02 e | 0.50 ± 0.02 e | 0.62 ± 0.02 f | 0.19 ± 0.01 b |
β-Eudesmol | 45.29 | 1646 | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.38 ± 0.02 b | 0.47 ± 0.02 c | 0.62 ± 0.02 d | 0.61 ± 0.03 d | 0.72 ± 0.03 e | 0.34 ± 0.02 b |
α-Eudesmol | 45.54 | 1650 | 0.65 ± 0.03 a | 0.64 ± 0.03 a | 0.76 ± 0.03 b | 1.02 ± 0.05 c | 1.40 ± 0.07 d | 1.64 ± 0.06 e | 1.57 ± 0.05 e | 2.11 ± 0.07 f | 0.85 ± 0.03 g |
SQOL3 | 45.74 | 1654 | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.10 ± 0.01 bc | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | – | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | – | 0.11 ± 0.01 c |
7-epi-α-Eudesmol | 46.54 | 1668 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 ab | 0.33 ± 0.01 c | 0.48 ± 0.01 d | 0.61 ± 0.02 e | 0.31 ± 0.01 bc | 0.76 ± 0.02 f | 1.01 ± 0.03 g | 0.32 ± 0.01 b |
β-Bisabolol | 47.30 | 1682 | – | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | – |
Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol | 48.06 | 1695 | 0.08 ± 0.01 ad | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 0.24 ± 0.01 e | 0.27 ± 0.02 e | 0.12 ± 0.01 b |
SQOL4 | 49.08 | 1714 | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 0.20 ± 0.01 de | 0.22 ± 0.01 e | 0.31 ± 0.01 f | 0.08 ± 0.01 a |
SQOL5 | 49.53 | 1723 | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.00 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 bc | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 d | 0.08 ± 0.01 a |
SQOL6 | 49.99 | 1732 | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.01 ch | 0.39 ± 0.01 d | 0.44 ± 0.02 e | 0.48 ± 0.02 f | 0.60 ± 0.03 g | 0.27 ± 0.02 h |
SQOL7 | 50.15 | 1735 | – | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 ab | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.02 bc | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | 0.07 ± 0.01 a |
SQOL8 | 51.63 | 1763 | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 d | 0.22 ± 0.01 d | 0.08 ± 0.01 a |
SQOL9 | 55.87 | 1846 | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 bc | 0.13 ± 0.02 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 d | 0.16 ± 0.01 d | 0.21 ± 0.01 e | 0.12 ± 0.01 c |
Total identified | 99.16 | 98.70 | 98.41 | 97.89 | 97.82 | 97.17 | 96.92 | 96.52 | 98.45 | ||
Monoterpene | 32.82 | 22.44 | 18.98 | 16.09 | 13.24 | 12.38 | 11.32 | 8.98 | 26.59 | ||
Monoterpene alcohols | 2.35 | 2.29 | 2.16 | 2.09 | 1.93 | 1.92 | 2.04 | 1.84 | 2.40 | ||
Monoterpene oxides | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.28 | ||
Monoterpene esters | 6.49 | 7.91 | 7.94 | 7.97 | 7.44 | 7.04 | 7.40 | 6.75 | 6.81 | ||
Total monoterpene | 42.01 | 32.93 | 29.30 | 26.32 | 22.76 | 21.45 | 20.87 | 17.66 | 36.08 | ||
Angelates | 2.01 | 1.39 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 1.72 | ||
Sesquiterpene | 47.09 | 55.33 | 57.34 | 57.99 | 59.30 | 59.20 | 58.04 | 59.22 | 51.29 | ||
Sesquiterpene alcohols | 3.99 | 4.30 | 5.30 | 7.23 | 8.66 | 10.34 | 11.38 | 13.74 | 5.64 | ||
Sesquiterpene oxides | 4.15 | 5.45 | 6.30 | 6.73 | 7.66 | 7.65 | 8.19 | 8.19 | 4.64 | ||
Total sesquiterpene | 55.23 | 65.09 | 68.94 | 71.96 | 75.63 | 77.17 | 77.61 | 81.15 | 61.57 | ||
Other compounds | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.61 |
ATCC Strain | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | IZ ± SD | |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | – | 11 ± 2.0 | 12 ± 1.0 | 12 ± 1.5 | 11 ± 1.0 | 13 ± 1.0 | 10 ± 1.0 | 11 ± 2.0 | 9 ± 0.5 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
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Petrović, M.; Petrović, V.; Mlinar, Z.; Babić, S.; Jukić, J.; Prebeg, T.; Kremer, D. Duration of Steam Distillation Affects Essential Oil Fractions in Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum). Horticulturae 2024, 10, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020183
Petrović M, Petrović V, Mlinar Z, Babić S, Jukić J, Prebeg T, Kremer D. Duration of Steam Distillation Affects Essential Oil Fractions in Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum). Horticulturae. 2024; 10(2):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020183
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrović, Marinko, Vesna Petrović, Zdenko Mlinar, Sandra Babić, Jerko Jukić, Tatjana Prebeg, and Dario Kremer. 2024. "Duration of Steam Distillation Affects Essential Oil Fractions in Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum)" Horticulturae 10, no. 2: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020183