Screening of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance in Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Disease Monitoring
2.2. Field Evaluation
2.3. Collection of Plant Materials, DNA Extraction, and Detection of Rvi Genes with Molecular Markers
2.4. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Field Evaluation of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance
3.2. Molecular Screening of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breeding Program | Geographical Site * | Coordinates | Precipitation May–August (mm) | Number of Trees for Sampling ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kazygurt district, Kyzylkiyan rural district, “Akniyet Agro Orchard” LLP | Turkestan region | N 41°36′8.594″ E 69°21′58.013″ | 926.8 | 8 |
Saryagash district, Zhemisti rural areas, Regional Branch, “Saryagash” LLC, “Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute” (KazF&VRI) | Turkestan region | N 41°32′2.545″ E 69°21′36.069″ | 902.8 | 8 |
Tulkubas district, Shakpak Baba rural areas, “Koktal” Peasant Farm | Turkestan region | N 41°29′2.69″ E 70°31′11.46″ | 945.3 | 8 |
Merke district, Merke rural areas, “Merke experimental farm” LLP | Zhambyl region | N 42°48′.584″ E 73°10′.387″ | 925.2 | 3 |
Yenbekshikazakh district, Baidibek bi rural areas, “Akkazy” Peasant Farm | Almaty region | N 43°39′.930″ E 77°86′.171″ | 902.8 | 8 |
Yenbekshikazakh district, Baidibek bi rural areas, “Ermek” Peasant Farm | Almaty region | N 43°32′49.344″ E 77° 52′ 3.468″ | 906.9 | 8 |
Yenbekshikazakh district, Koram rural areas, “Zhetysu Trade” | Almaty region | N 43°31′48.31″ E 78°11′48.09″ | 908.9 | 9 |
Talgar District, Regional Branch, “Talgar” of KazF&VRI (Pomological Garden) | Almaty region | N 43°17′27″ E 77°12′15″ | 90.36 | 45 |
Resistance Genes | Marker Name | Marker Type | Size of Allele (bp) | Primer Sequence (5′→3′) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rvi6 (Vf) | AM19 | SCAR | 526 | F: CGTAGAACGGAATTTGACAGTG R: GACAAGGGCTTAAGTGCTCC | Bus et al. [17,18] |
Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi9, Rvi11 | CH05e03 | SSR | 172 | F: CGAATATTTTCACTCTGACTGGG R: CAAGTTGTTGTACTGCTCCGAC | Gygax et al. [46] Patocci et al. [27] |
Rvi2, Rvi8 | OPL19 | SCAR | 433 | F: ACCTGCACTACAATCTTCACTAATC R: GACTCGTTTCCACTGAGGATATTTG | Bus et al. [17] Patocci et al. [27] |
Rvi5 | Hi07f02 | SSR | 226 | F: ATTTGGGGTTTCAACAATGG R: GTTTCGGACATCAAACAAATGTGC | Silfverberg-Dilworth et al. [53] |
Rvi6 | AL07 | SCAR | 466 | F: TGGAAGAGAGATCCAGAAAGTG R: CATCCCTCCACAAATGCC | Tartarini et al. [54] |
Rvi11 | K08 | SCAR | 743 | F: GAACACTGGGCAAAGGAAAC R: TAAAAGCCACGTTCTCTCGC | Gygax et al. [46] |
Rvi14 | HB09 | SSR | 210 | F: GCTCAAAATACTGAAGCCTTGC R: GGGGAAGCAGGATGGTTACT | Soufflet et al. [30] Patocchi et al. [27] |
Rvi15 | CH02f06 | SSR | 147 | F: CCCTCTTCAGACCTGCATATG R: ACTGTTTCCAAGCGCTCAGG | Patocci et al. [48] Patocci et al. [27] |
Turkestan Region | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akniyet Agro Orchards, Kazygurt District | Saryagash, Saryagash District | Koktal, Tulkubas District | ||||
2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | |
Star Crimson | 8.75 | 0 | 18.75 | 9.37 | 0 | 0 |
Idared | 20.88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gala | 5.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fuji | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Golden Delicious | 0 | 0 | 21.25 | 9.22 | 0 | 0 |
Pink Lady | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Landsberger Renette | 0 | 0 | 20.65 | 19.36 | 0 | 0 |
Almaty Region | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akkazy, Yenbekshikazakh District | Ermek, Yenbekshikazakh District | Zhetysu Trade, Yenbekshikazakh District | Talgar, Talgar District | |||||
2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | |
Ainur | -* | - | - | - | - | - | 4.98 | 0 |
Aigul | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.69 | 0 |
Maksat | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Zaman | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.06 | 0 |
Kamila | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Diana | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Malus sieversii | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10.63 | 4.29 |
Danalyk | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.03 | 0 |
Saltanat | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Kandil Sinap | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.38 | 5.63 |
Golden Delicious | 21.88 | 10.63 | 0 | 0 | 9.36 | 4.38 | 48.75 | 28.75 |
Granny Smith | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10.08 | 9.63 |
Korey | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mutsu | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Landsberger Renette | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.68 | 5.06 |
Star Crimson | 19.48 | 4.38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.68 |
Stark’s Earliest | - | - | - | - | 9.79 | 9.88 | 5.06 | 9.38 |
Talgarskoye | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Tulpan | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Williams Pride | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Gala | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.36 | 5.05 | 4.98 | 27.90 |
Pestrushka | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.38 | 0 |
Idared | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.03 | 9.65 |
Pink Lady | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.89 | 0 |
Piros | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Braeburn | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.03 | 0 |
Honeycrisp | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Jeromine | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.83 | 0 |
SuperChief | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Wilton’s Star | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.78 | 0 |
Red Topaz | - | - | - | - | - | - | 54.97 | 0 |
SQ159 (Natyra) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Santana | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.78 | 0 |
Deljonca | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.38 | 0 |
Fuji | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.78 | 9.48 |
Pinova | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.03 | |
Nicola | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18.70 | 19.86 |
Modi (Rvi6 control) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Quinte | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.89 | 4.89 | 4.78 | 0 |
Jonagold | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.05 | 4.38 |
Voskhod | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.98 | 0 |
Babuskino | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21.38 | 4.38 |
Red Delicious | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.68 | 4.48 | 49.50 | 0 |
Golden Resistant | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Prima (Rvi6 control) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
Zhambyl Region | ||
---|---|---|
Merke Experimental Farm, Merke District | ||
2022 | 2023 | |
Red Delicious | 29.75 | 4.63 |
Star Crimson | 19.65 | 9.63 |
Golden Delicious | 19.86 | 4.38 |
Cultivar | Origin * | Rvi2/Rvi8 | Rvi2 | Rvi4 | Rvi9 | Rvi11 | Rvi5 | Rvi6 | Rvi11 | Rvi14 | Rvi15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPL19 | CH05e03 | Hi07f02 | AL07 | AM19 | K08 | HB09 | CH02f06 | |||||
433 bp | 163 bp | 172 bp | 169 bp | 160 bp | 220 bp | 466 bp | 526 bp | 743 bp | 210 bp | 135–158 bp | ||
Ainur | KZ | + ** | + | − ** | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Aigul | KZ | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Maksat | KZ | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Zaman | KZ | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Kamila | KZ | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + |
Diana | RU | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − |
Malus sieversii | KZ | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Danalyk | KZ | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − |
Saltanat | KZ | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − |
Kandil Sinap | UA | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Golden Delicious | US | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Granny Smith | AU | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Korey | JP | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Mutsu | JP | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Landsberger Renette | DE | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Star Crimson | US | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Stark’s Earliest | US | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Talgarskoye | KZ | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + |
Tulpan | KZ | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Williams Pride | US | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − |
Gala | NZ | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Pestrushka | RU | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − |
Idared | US | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − |
Pink Lady | AU | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Piros | DE | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + |
Braeburn | NZ | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Honeycrisp | US | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Jeromine | US | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − |
SuperChief | US | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − |
Wilton’s Star | NL | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Red Topaz | CZ | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + |
SQ159 (Natyra) | DE | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
Santana | NL | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
Deljonca | DE | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + |
Fuji | JP | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Pinova | DE | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + |
Nicola | CA | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Modi (Rvi6 control) | IT | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | − | − |
Quinte | CA | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Jonagold | US | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Voskhod | KZ | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Babuskino | RU | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Red Delicious | US | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Golden Resistant | US | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Prima (Rvi6 control) | US | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − |
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Madenova, A.; Aitymbet, Z.; Bolat, M.; Kaldybayeva, D.; Galymbek, K.; Kuan, A.; Kabylbekova, B.; Irkitbay, A.; Yeszhanov, T.; Bakirov, S.; et al. Screening of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance in Kazakhstan. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020184
Madenova A, Aitymbet Z, Bolat M, Kaldybayeva D, Galymbek K, Kuan A, Kabylbekova B, Irkitbay A, Yeszhanov T, Bakirov S, et al. Screening of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance in Kazakhstan. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(2):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020184
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadenova, Aigul, Zhankeldy Aitymbet, Munira Bolat, Dinara Kaldybayeva, Kanat Galymbek, Angsagan Kuan, Balnur Kabylbekova, Azhargul Irkitbay, Tynyshbek Yeszhanov, Serik Bakirov, and et al. 2024. "Screening of Apple Cultivars for Scab Resistance in Kazakhstan" Horticulturae 10, no. 2: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020184