Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Silage Preparation
2.2. Analysis of Microbial Population, Organic Acid and Chemical Composition
2.3. In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility and Gas Production
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Fresh Litchi Leaves Prior to Ensiling
3.2. Fermentation Quality
3.3. In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility and Gas Production
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Fresh Litchi Leaves
4.2. Fermentation Quality
4.3. In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility and Gas Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Wanpu | Wuyejiu | Tongzai | Zhuangyuanhong |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (%FM) | 49.21 ± 0.27 | 49.29 ± 0.19 | 49.87 ± 0.12 | 44.96 ± 0.25 |
Crude protein ( % DM) | 9.92 ± 0.25 | 9.73 ± 0.23 | 8.79 ± 1.14 | 9.29 ± 0.40 |
Neutral detergent fiber (% DM) | 64.89 ± 1.60 | 63.36 ± 0.64 | 66.14 ± 3.63 | 59.54 ± 0.12 |
Acid detergent fiber (% DM) | 51.21 ± 2.41 | 51.27 ± 2.71 | 52.24 ± 2.35 | 46.36 ± 1.19 |
Water soluble carbohydrate (% DM) | 1.62 ± 0.15 | 1.72 ± 0.12 | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 1.86 ± 0.06 |
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB, log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | 4.69 ± 0.24 | 4.67 ± 0.42 | 5.11 ± 0.74 | 4.88 ± 0.37 |
Yeasts (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | 2.92 ± 0.26 | 2.15 ± 0.21 | 2.49 ± 0.20 | 2.42 ± 0.10 |
Molds (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | 2.63 ± 0.31 | 2.30 ± 0.30 | 2.36 ± 0.39 | 2.46 ± 0.41 |
Coliform bacteria (CB, log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | 4.53 ± 0.63 | 4.26 ± 0.94 | 4.75 ± 0.16 | 4.44 ± 0.11 |
Items | Treatment | Day | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D3 | D7 | D14 | D30 | T | D | T*D | |||
pH value | CK | 5.71 a | 5.60 abA | 5.47 abA | 5.39 bA | 0.05 | ** | ** | NS |
LP | 5.18 a | 4.99 bB | 4.97 bB | 4.93 bB | 0.03 | ||||
DM(% FM) | CK | 48.4 ab | 48.0 ab | 47.8 b | 49.0 a | 0.20 | * | * | NS |
LP | 48.3 b | 48.9 ab | 48.6 ab | 49.3 a | 0.14 | ||||
LAB (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.87 bB | 8.42 aB | 7.49 cB | 7.88 b | 0.10 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 8.57 bA | 9.06 aA | 8.54 bA | 8.08 c | 0.11 | ||||
Yeasts (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 2.60 | 2.50 | 2.41 | 2.15 | 0.55 | ND | ND | ND |
LP | 2.45 | 2.15 | ND | ND | 0.12 | ||||
Molds (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 2.50 | 2.40 | ND | ND | 0.13 | ND | ND | ND |
LP | 2.57 | 2.26 | ND | ND | 0.14 | ||||
Coliform bacteria (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.38 abA | 7.72 aA | 7.20 bA | 7.18 bA | 0.09 | ** | * | NS |
LP | 6.66 B | 6.58 B | 6.08 B | 6.22 B | 0.11 | ||||
Lactic acid (%DM) | CK | 1.57 | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.21 | NS | NS | NS |
LP | 1.84 | 1.87 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.30 | ||||
Acetic acid (%DM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | 0.11 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.01 | ||||
Crude protein ( %DM) | CK | 10.00 ab | 10.00 ab | 10.70 a | 9.55 b | 0.18 | * | NS | NS |
LP | 10.10 | 10.00 | 10.30 | 10.00 | 0.12 | ||||
Ammonia-N (%TN) | CK | 0.29 b | 0.55 b | 0.74 b | 1.99 aA | 0.20 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 0.25 c | 0.40 c | 0.69 b | 0.95 aB | 0.09 |
Items | Treatment | Day | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D3 | D7 | D14 | D30 | T | D | T*D | |||
pH value | CK | 5.75 bA | 5.75 bA | 5.89 aA | 5.69 bA | 0.02 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 5.20 aB | 5.03 bB | 5.00 bB | 4.82 cB | 0.04 | ||||
DM (%FM) | CK | 48.3 | 47.6 | 47.4 | 48.1 | 0.15 | * | NS | NS |
LP | 48.7 | 48.9 | 48.0 | 48.5 | 0.21 | ||||
LAB (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.48 bB | 8.10 aB | 7.96 a | 7.40 b | 0.10 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 8.47 aA | 8.71 aA | 7.87 b | 7.85 b | 0.13 | ||||
Yeasts (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 2.44 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Molds (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Coliform bacteria (CB, log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.45 bA | 7.81 aA | 7.50 bA | 7.49 bA | 0.05 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 6.54 aB | 6.10 abB | 5.79 bB | 5.07 cB | 0.17 | ||||
Lactic acid (LA, %DM) | CK | 1.16 | 0.59 a | 0.60 | 0.52 B | 0.11 | ** | NS | ** |
LP | 0.65 b | 1.57 ab | 1.23 ab | 2.12 aA | 0.20 | ||||
Acetic acid (AA,%DM) | CK | 0.08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | 0.09 ab | 0.06 b | 0.12 a | 0.01 | ||||
Crude protein (CP, %DM) | CK | 9.51 | 10.10 | 9.74 | 9.31 | 0.17 | NS | NS | NS |
LP | 9.65 | 10.00 | 10.30 | 9.21 | 0.18 | ||||
Ammonia-N (%TN) | CK | 0.34 c | 0.36 cB | 0.70 b | 1.50 aA | 0.14 | ** | ** | ** |
LP | 0.41 b | 0.47 bB | 0.54 ab | 0.71 aB |
Items | Treatment | Day | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D3 | D7 | D14 | D30 | T | D | T*D | |||
pH value | CK | 5.54 bA | 5.64 a | 5.57 abA | 5.42 cA | 0.03 | ** | ** | * |
LP | 5.24 bB | 5.55 a | 5.00 bB | 4.96 bB | 0.08 | ||||
DM (%FM) | CK | 49.1 | 48.4 | 48.6 | 49.2 | 0.18 | NS | * | NS |
LP | 49.6 a | 48.5 b | 48.8 b | 49.0 ab | 0.16 | ||||
LAB (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.68 bB | 8.15 aB | 7.80 bB | 7.24 cB | 0.11 | ** | ** | NS |
LP | 8.45 bA | 8.88 aA | 8.33 bA | 7.80 cA | 0.12 | ||||
Yeasts (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Molds (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | 3.15 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Coliform bacteria (CB, log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.82 a | 7.73 a | 7.64 aA | 7.09 bA | 0.10 | ** | ** | * |
LP | 7.46 a | 7.59 a | 6.65 bB | 5.91 bB | 0.23 | ||||
Lactic acid (LA, %DM) | CK | 1.58 a | 1.29 abB | 0.69 ab | 0.37 b | 0.20 | ** | NS | NS |
LP | 3.07 | 4.70 A | 2.32 | 2.11 | 0.59 | ||||
Acetic acid (AA,%DM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | 0.06 | ND | NS | NS | NS |
LP | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.02 | ||||
Crude protein (CP, %DM) | CK | 9.02 | 8.68 | 8.45 | 9.00 | 0.16 | NS | NS | NS |
LP | 9.04 | 8.45 | 9.21 | 9.29 | 0.15 | ||||
Ammonia-N (%TN) | CK | 0.34 c | 0.42 c | 0.73 b | 1.16 aA | 0.10 | NS | ** | * |
LP | 0.32 b | 0.66 a | 0.73 a | 0.80 aB | 0.07 |
Items | Treatment | Day | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D3 | D7 | D14 | D30 | T | D | T*D | |||
pH value | CK | 5.82 bA | 6.64 aA | 5.65 cA | 5.53 dA | 0.13 | ** | ** | NS |
LP | 5.05 bB | 5.66 aB | 4.88 bB | 4.87 bB | 0.10 | ||||
DM (% FM) | CK | 44.4 a | 43.8 b | 44.1 ab | 44.7 a | 0.12 | ** | ** | NS |
LP | 44.6 ab | 44.4 b | 44.3 b | 45.0 a | 0.11 | ||||
LAB (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.72 bB | 8.24 aB | 7.68 bB | 7.08 cB | 0.13 | ** | ** | NS |
LP | 8.64 bA | 8.99 aA | 8.51 bA | 7.88 cA | 0.13 | ||||
Yeasts (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 3.13 | 3.06 | 2.38 | 2.66 | 0.14 | ND | ND | ND |
LP | 2.64 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Molds (log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | ND | ND | ND | 2.15 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
LP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
Coliform bacteria (CB, log10 CFU·g−1 FM) | CK | 7.75 aA | 7.95 aA | 7.69 aA | 6.76 bA | 0.15 | ** | ** | * |
LP | 6.81 aB | 6.60 aB | 5.76 bB | 5.21 bB | 0.21 | ||||
Lactic acid (LA, %DM) | CK | 0.86 | 0.13 cB | 0.58 b | 0.49 | 0.15 | NS | * | NS |
LP | 0.27 c | 0.65 A | 0.82 | 1.32 a | 0.15 | ||||
Acetic acid (AA,%DM) | CK | 0.06 | 0.10 A | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.01 | NS | NS | NS |
LP | ND | 0.04 bB | 0.12 a | 0.09 ab | 0.01 | ||||
Crude protein (CP, %DM) | CK | 8.26 | 9.12 | 8.65 | 8.83 | 0.27 | NS | NS | NS |
LP | 9.03 | 8.99 | 9.16 | 9.09 | 0.14 | ||||
Ammonia-N (%TN) | CK | 0.29 c | 0.57 b | 0.59 b | 1.12 aA | 0.34 | * | ** | NS |
LP | 0.33 b | 0.49 ab | 0.38 ab | 0.69 aB | 0.06 |
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Chen, D.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, D.; Zhou, W.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Q. Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage. Fermentation 2023, 9, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651
Chen D, Zhou Y, Yang D, Zhou W, Chen X, Zhang Q. Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage. Fermentation. 2023; 9(7):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Dandan, Yuxin Zhou, Dan Yang, Wei Zhou, Xiaoyang Chen, and Qing Zhang. 2023. "Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage" Fermentation 9, no. 7: 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651
APA StyleChen, D., Zhou, Y., Yang, D., Zhou, W., Chen, X., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Exploring Lactobacillus plantarum on Fermentation Quality, Gas Emissions, and In Vitro Digestibility of Different Varieties of Litchi Leaves Silage. Fermentation, 9(7), 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070651