Optimal Fermentation of Artemisia annua Residues and Its Effects on Production Performance of Laying Hens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of AAR and Microbial Inoculum
2.2. Optimization of Microbial Fermentation Conditions
2.3. Chemical Compound Composition Analysis
2.4. Observation of Surface Morphology
2.5. Analysis of Microbiota Composition
2.6. Animal Experiment
2.7. Determination of Laying Performance and Egg Quality
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Optimization of Microbial Fermentation Conditions
3.2. Chemical Compound Composition and Surface Morphology of Fermented AAR
3.3. Microbiota Composition of Fermented AAR
3.4. Laying Performance and Egg Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Value |
---|---|
Ingredient, g/kg | |
Corn | 645.08 |
Soybean meal | 225.50 |
Limestone powder | 88.90 |
DL-methionine | 0.52 |
Premix a | 40.00 |
Nutrient levels b, g/kg | |
Available phosphorus | 3.30 |
Calcium | 32.30 |
Crude protein | 168.0 |
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg | 11.54 |
Lysine | 6.70 |
Methionine | 3.10 |
Total phosphorus | 4.60 |
Item | Value |
---|---|
Artemisinin (mg/g of DM) | 0.88 |
Chemical compound composition (% of total compounds) | |
Alloaromadendrene | 1.41 |
Aromandendrene | 3.71 |
5-butyl-6-hexyloctahydro-1H-indene | 1.05 |
Calarene | 3.51 |
Caparratriene | 1.56 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 3.20 |
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | 1.79 |
Deoxyartemisinin | 9.38 |
3a9-dimethyldodecahydrocyclohepta[d]inden-3-one | 1.84 |
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane | 1.32 |
2-furfuryl-5-methylfuran | 12.13 |
n-hexadecanoic acid | 5.24 |
5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydrobenz[a]anthracene | 2.53 |
4-isopropenyl-4,7-dimethyl-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octane | 1.92 |
cis-jasmone | 1.01 |
Octadecamethylcyclononasiloxan | 1.31 |
Octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane | 2.90 |
Phytol | 7.21 |
Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane | 1.22 |
1,5,5-trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene | 2.14 |
Others | 33.61 |
Item | Fermented AAR Levels in Diet, DM Basis | SEM | p-Values | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 1% | 2% | 4% | |||
Laying performance | ||||||
ADFI (g/d) | 91.61 c | 103.70 b | 112.58 a | 110.31 a | 1.642 | <0.001 |
Egg weight (g) | 50.50 c | 53.68 b | 57.45 a | 55.58 ab | 0.599 | <0.001 |
Feed-to-egg ratio | 2.05 a | 1.93 ab | 1.81 b | 1.92 ab | 0.026 | 0.009 |
Laying rate (%) | 71.63 b | 74.41 b | 84.22 a | 81.85 a | 1.512 | 0.004 |
Egg quality | ||||||
Albumen height (mm) | 4.29 b | 4.87 a | 5.11 a | 4.95 a | 0.081 | <0.001 |
Egg shape index | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 0.006 | 0.626 |
Eggshell thickness (mm) | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.003 | 0.051 |
Haugh unit | 69.06 b | 72.12 ab | 75.88 a | 72.85 ab | 0.838 | 0.031 |
Yolk color | 4.17 | 4.56 | 4.81 | 4.53 | 0.118 | 0.291 |
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Yi, S.; He, F.; Azad, M.A.K.; Zhu, Q.; Zhang, M.; Xu, X.; Cui, Y.; Lan, W.; Li, F.; Kong, X. Optimal Fermentation of Artemisia annua Residues and Its Effects on Production Performance of Laying Hens. Fermentation 2023, 9, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050456
Yi S, He F, Azad MAK, Zhu Q, Zhang M, Xu X, Cui Y, Lan W, Li F, Kong X. Optimal Fermentation of Artemisia annua Residues and Its Effects on Production Performance of Laying Hens. Fermentation. 2023; 9(5):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050456
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Siyu, Fumeng He, Md. Abul Kalam Azad, Qian Zhu, Minghui Zhang, Xiaojie Xu, Yadong Cui, Wei Lan, Fenglan Li, and Xiangfeng Kong. 2023. "Optimal Fermentation of Artemisia annua Residues and Its Effects on Production Performance of Laying Hens" Fermentation 9, no. 5: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050456