Microbiological Exploration of Different Types of Kefir Grains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbiology of Kefir Grains and Origin of Kefir Grains Worldwide
3. Microorganisms Isolated from Different Types of Kefir Grains Worldwide
4. Health Benefits of Kefir and Kefir Grains
5. Future Prospective
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin Country | Dominant LAB | Dominant Yeasts | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Taiwan | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces unisporus, Issatchenkia occidentalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, | [15] |
Tibet, China | Pseudomonas spp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus casei | Kazachstania unispora, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces serevisiae, Kazachstania exigua | [16] |
Ireland | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens spp. kefirgranum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus parakefiri | [17] | |
Turkey | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus lactis | [18] | |
Brazil | Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus casei, kefiri, Lactococcus lactis, Acetobacter lovaniensis | Kazachstania aerobia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lachancea meyersii | [19] |
Slovenia | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens spp., Kefirgranum, Lactobacillus parakefiri, Lactobacillus kefiri | Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kazachstania exiqua, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae | [20] |
Argentin | Lactobacillus plantarum | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces unisporus, Kluyveromyces marxianus | [21] |
Russia | Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus parakefir | [22] | |
Italy | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Streptococcus. thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis | Dekkera anomala | [23] |
Bulgary | Lactobacillus delbrueckii. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus | Kluyveromyces marxianus | [24] |
Belgium | Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus lactis spp. cremoris, Gluconobacter frateurii, Acetobacter orientalis, Acetobacter lovaniensis | Kluyveromyces marxianus, Naumovozyma sp., Kazachastania khefir | [25] |
South Africa | Leuconostoc spp., Lactococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Lactobacillus plantarum | Zygosaccharomyces spp., Candida spp., Candida lambica, Candida krusei, Saccharomyces spp., Cryptococcus spp. | [12] |
Malaysia | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefir | [26] |
Origin Country | Dominant LAB | Dominant Yeasts | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Taiwan | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Kluyveromyces marxianus CIDCA 8154, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CIDCA 8112 | [15,27] |
Tibet, China | Lactobacillus casei | [28] | |
Argentin | Lactobacillus plantarum | Kluyveromyces marxianus CIDCA 8154, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CIDCA 8118 | [15] |
Russia | Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus parakefir | [22] |
Biological Activity | Reference |
---|---|
antimutagenic effects against 2,3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and against acting N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) | [27] |
hypocholesterolemic and anti-atherogenic effects | [34,35] |
inhibition of tumor growth | [36] |
antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis | [3] |
antioxidant activity antifungal, antibacterial properties and epithelium protection due to kefiran | [9,37,38] |
antimicrobial activity, all strains were effective against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, and against S. enterica strains | [21] |
anticolitis effect | [27] |
protect against C. difficile infection | [39] |
β-Galactosidase Activity | [40] |
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Plessas, S.; Nouska, C.; Mantzourani, I.; Kourkoutas, Y.; Alexopoulos, A.; Bezirtzoglou, E. Microbiological Exploration of Different Types of Kefir Grains. Fermentation 2017, 3, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation3010001
Plessas S, Nouska C, Mantzourani I, Kourkoutas Y, Alexopoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E. Microbiological Exploration of Different Types of Kefir Grains. Fermentation. 2017; 3(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation3010001
Chicago/Turabian StylePlessas, Stavros, Chrysanthi Nouska, Ioanna Mantzourani, Yiannis Kourkoutas, Athanasios Alexopoulos, and Eugenia Bezirtzoglou. 2017. "Microbiological Exploration of Different Types of Kefir Grains" Fermentation 3, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation3010001