Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Presentation of the Study Area
2.2. The R’mel Groundwater
2.3. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4. Soil Sample Analysis
2.5. Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS)
2.6. Soil and Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS) Characterization
2.7. Column Study
2.8. Measurements and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Characterization
3.2. Column-Leaching Experiments
3.3. Soil Thermal Characterization
3.4. Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS) Analysis
3.5. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
3.6. XRD Analysis
3.7. BET Characterization of the Soil Samples and Biomass Slag
3.8. SEM Characterization
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
- (1)
- The R’mel soils were coarser in texture, with low clay, silt, and OM, low CEC, limited adsorption sites, and poor nutrient availability. In contrast, the clayey fraction (FF) exhibited significant water content, OM, CaCO3, and heavy-metal adsorption capacity despite its low percentage in the soil (<5%).
- (2)
- The column experiments demonstrated that the R’mel soils had a low water- and NO3− retention capacity. Higher leaching rates in percolates were measured, even above the loaded quantities in experiment 1.
- (3)
- The examination of OPBS showed that this residue is non-toxic, has a significant amount of essential plant nutrients such as potassium and calcium, has a moderately porous internal structure, includes organic carbon, and has a high water-retention capacity.
- (4)
- The spreading of OPBS in R’mel soils might be supported by its higher agronomic value as a source of fertilizing elements necessary for plants (Ca, P, K, and C). OPBS can also have a direct/indirect effect on soil properties by improving the physical and chemical characteristics such as water-holding capacity, CEC, and adsorption capacity, and could contribute to the immobilization of trace elements in the soils.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | S01 | S02 | S03 | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.27 | 8.75 | 6.33 | 7.55 |
EC (mS/Cm) | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.27 |
OM % CF | 2.81 | 2.36 | 1.57 | 2.25 |
OM % FF | 9.11 | 7.5 | 7.65 | 8.09 |
CEC (meq/100 g) | 9.28 | 9.11 | 8.18 | 8.86 |
Bulk density | 1.28 | 1.34 | 1.32 | 1.31 |
Sand % | 95.84 | 95.87 | 95.42 | 95.71 |
Silt % | 1.18 | 2.47 | 2.33 | 1.99 |
Clay % | 2.98 | 2.36 | 1.66 | 2.33 |
PO34− (g·Kg−1) * | 1.26 | 2.04 | 0.81 | 1.37 |
Ca (g·Kg−1) * | 7.5 | 13.37 | 5.24 | 8.7 |
Fe (g·Kg−1) * | 43.76 | 47.41 | 46.19 | 45.79 |
K (g·Kg−1) * | 3.48 | 3.158 | 2.05 | 2.9 |
Mg (g·Kg−1) * | 4.58 | 4.86 | 3.42 | 4.29 |
Mn (g·Kg−1) * | 1.62 | 1.35 | 1.53 | 1.5 |
Na (g·Kg−1) * | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.26 |
As (mg·Kg−1) * | 62.3 | 53.3 | 58 | 57.9 |
Cd (mg·Kg−1) * | 6.8 | 2.64 | 1.48 | 3.6 |
Co (mg·Kg−1) * | 22.1 | 20.3 | 32.6 | 25 |
Cr (mg·Kg−1) * | 123.5 | 125.4 | 89.6 | 112.8 |
Cu (mg·Kg−1) * | 108.1 | 38.9 | 17.1 | 54.7 |
Mo (mg·Kg−1) * | 2.84 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 1.5 |
Ni (mg·Kg−1) * | 52.4 | 36.6 | 48.6 | 45.9 |
Pb (mg·Kg−1) * | 37.3 | 23.1 | 27.6 | 29.4 |
Zn (mg·Kg−1) * | 224.7 | 162.14 | 114.25 | 167 |
Parameter | pH | Moisture % | Unburned Carbon % | Ca % | Fe % | K% | Mg% | Na% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPBS | 12.1 | 7.18 | 19.97 | 10.59 | 0.95 | 8.24 | 1.56 | 0.15 |
Trace Element in (mg. Kg−1) | As | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Mn | Mo | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPBS | 2.12 | 0.25 | 2.49 | 48.43 | 48.30 | 396.33 | 1.72 | 42.64 | 1.93 | 47.34 |
Sample | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | %Mineral Fraction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F.F 1 | 55.17 | 10.86 | 9.9 | 0.3 | 1.57 | 1.73 | 0.78 | 1.42 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.21 | 83.3 |
C.F 1 | 71.43 | 7.19 | 5.94 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 1.03 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 89.04 |
F.F 2 | 58.79 | 11.09 | 9.76 | 0.23 | 1.59 | 2.56 | 0.76 | 1.38 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.17 | 87.57 |
C.F 2 | 72.45 | 7.45 | 5.00 | 0.16 | 0.53 | 1.21 | 0.72 | 1.11 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 89.6 |
F.F 3 | 60.64 | 12.51 | 10.74 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 1.01 | 0.51 | 1.3 | 0.81 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 89.62 |
C.F 3 | 75.70 | 7.23 | 5.52 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 1.01 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 92.13 |
OPBS | 26.29 | 3.26 | 1.07 | 0.05 | 3.52 | 22.38 | 0.56 | 17.63 | 0.12 | 2.75 | 1.41 | 79.04 |
Sample | S1 | S2 | S3 | Biomass Slag |
---|---|---|---|---|
BET surface area (m2/g) | 4.56 | 4.18 | 3.74 | 9.37 |
Langmuir surface area (m2/g) | 6.30 | 5.79 | 5.20 | 13.20 |
Total pore volume (cm3/g) | 0.008868 | 0.008574 | 0.008034 | 0.031480 |
Pore diameter (nm) | 11.9869 | 12.3592 | 12.5881 | 20.73 |
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Sarti, O.; El Mansouri, F.; Otal, E.; Morillo, J.; Ouassini, A.; Brigui, J.; Saidi, M. Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS). C 2023, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010001
Sarti O, El Mansouri F, Otal E, Morillo J, Ouassini A, Brigui J, Saidi M. Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS). C. 2023; 9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarti, Otmane, Fouad El Mansouri, Emilia Otal, José Morillo, Abdelhamid Ouassini, Jamal Brigui, and Mohamed Saidi. 2023. "Assessing the Effect of Intensive Agriculture and Sandy Soil Properties on Groundwater Contamination by Nitrate and Potential Improvement Using Olive Pomace Biomass Slag (OPBS)" C 9, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010001