Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Solution Preparation
2.2. MBC Preparation
2.3. Column Preparation
2.4. Analytical Measurements
2.4.1. Morphology and Elemental Composition
2.4.2. Functional Groups
2.4.3. X-ray Diffraction Measurements
2.4.4. Elemental Composition
2.4.5. Nitrate Measurements
2.5. Kinetic Experiments
2.6. Column Experiments
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Kinetic Experiments—Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature
3.2. Column Experiments
3.2.1. Preliminary Testing for Effect of Flow Direction on Nitrate Adsorption
3.2.2. Normality and Residual Analyses
3.2.3. Surface and Contour Plots Analyses
3.2.4. Effective Operation Conditions for Column
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pseudo-First Order Model | Pseudo-Second Order Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe (mg/g MBC) | K1 (min−1) | R2 | qe (mg/g MBC) | K2 (min−1) | R2 |
0.96 | 0.0328 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1.004 | 0.98 |
Temperature | Degree of Crystallinity (%) | Amorphous Content (%) |
---|---|---|
900 °C | 18.07 | 81.93 |
1000 °C | 20.72 | 79.28 |
No. | Flowrate (mL/min) | Nitrate Conc. (mg/L) | Nitrate Removal (%) | Removal NO3− mg/g MBC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 5 | 42.73 | 0.04 |
2 | 2 | 5 | 43.36 | 0.04 |
3 | 10 | 10 | 28.59 | 0.05 |
4 | 2 | 10 | 46.84 | 0.07 |
5 | 2 | 10 | 59.40 | 0.09 |
6 | 2 | 15 | 38.82 | 0.10 |
7 | 4 | 10 | 31.26 | 0.07 |
8 | 4 | 10 | 35.77 | 0.06 |
9 | 2 | 15 | 45.83 | 0.11 |
10 | 2 | 5 | 38.95 | 0.07 |
11 | 2 | 10 | 46.13 | 0.07 |
12 | 4 | 15 | 21.77 | 0.05 |
13 | 4 | 10 | 32.16 | 0.05 |
14 | 10 | 10 | 26.71 | 0.04 |
15 | 4 | 5 | 42.30 | 0.03 |
16 | 10 | 5 | 29.81 | 0.03 |
17 | 4 | 15 | 29.48 | 0.07 |
18 | 4 | 15 | 28.39 | 0.07 |
19 | 4 | 5 | 18.69 | 0.02 |
20 | 2 | 5 | 52.57 | 0.04 |
21 | 10 | 15 | 17.68 | 0.04 |
22 | 4 | 5 | 39.85 | 0.03 |
23 | 10 | 15 | 21.43 | 0.04 |
24 | 10 | 5 | 35.33 | 0.03 |
25 | 10 | 10 | 29.20 | 0.05 |
26 | 2 | 15 | 43.52 | 0.11 |
27 | 10 | 15 | 20.05 | 0.05 |
Source | DF | Adj SS | Adj MS | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 8 | 0.000060 | 0.000008 | 21.79 | 0.000 |
Linear | 4 | 0.000055 | 0.000014 | 39.43 | 0.000 |
Flowrate (mL/min) | 2 | 0.000028 | 0.000014 | 40.12 | 0.000 |
Nitrate Conc. (mg/L) | 2 | 0.000027 | 0.000013 | 38.74 | 0.000 |
Flowrate (mL/min)*Nitrate Conc. (mg/L) | 4 | 0.000006 | 0.000001 | 4.16 | 0.015 |
Error | 18 | 0.000006 | 0.000000 | ||
Total | 26 | 0.000067 |
Adsorbent Weight (g) | Ts (min) | Tb (min) at C/C0 = 0.20 | LUB (cm) | Amount Adsorbed at Tb | Amount Adsorbed at Full Bed Exhaustion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (mg) | mg/g | Total (mg) | mg/g | ||||
60 | 330 | 25 | 11.27 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 3.59 | 0.06 |
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Bakly, S.; Al-Juboori, R.A.; Bowtell, L. Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters. C 2019, 5, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/c5030047
Bakly S, Al-Juboori RA, Bowtell L. Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters. C. 2019; 5(3):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/c5030047
Chicago/Turabian StyleBakly, Salam, Raed A. Al-Juboori, and Les Bowtell. 2019. "Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters" C 5, no. 3: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/c5030047