The Implications of ncRNAs in the Development of Human Diseases
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types of Non-Coding RNAs, Biogenesis and Their Cellular Functions
2.1. miRNAs
2.2. lncRNAs
2.3. PiRNAs
2.4. circRNAs
3. Involvement in Human Diseases
3.1. Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer
3.2. Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.2.1. Cardiovascular Diseases
3.2.2. Other Diseases
4. Bioinformatics Approaches for Identification of Novel Targets in Diseases
5. Importance and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ncRNA Species | General Functions and Properties |
---|---|
miRNA | Fine regulators of expression |
Inhibition of gene transcription | |
lncRNA | Interference in polymerase activity |
Antisense RNA sequence matching | |
Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity and repression of transcription | |
Recruitment of transcriptional regulators | |
Upregulate translation without altering mRNA levels | |
Chromatin remodeling | |
Enhancer | |
Histone modifications and DNA methylation | |
piRNA | Block transposable elements |
Regulators of transcription acting primarily on transposable element sequences | |
Protection against external nucleic acids | |
circRNA | Monitor the production of linear transcripts of RNA and microRNAs |
Sponge-like regulatory system decreasing miRNA concentration in the cytoplasm | |
Can bind RNA-binding proteins | |
tRNA | Protein synthesis. |
Post- or pre-transcriptional regulators of gene expression | |
rRNA | Ribosomal subunits (5S, 16S, 23S, 5.8S, 18S and 28S) |
Protein synthesis |
LncRNA Category | Definition | Example | |
---|---|---|---|
Genic | Genic intronic lncRNA | LncRNA overlapping a protein-coding intron at one or more nucleotides | |
Genic exonic lncRNA | LncRNA overlapping a protein-coding exon at one or more nucleotides | ||
Nested lncRNA | LncRNA genes contained entirely within protein-coding transcripts | ||
Overlapping lncRNA | LncRNA genes sharing one or more nucleotides with coding genes | ||
Intergenic | LincRNA | Long-intergenic non-coding RNA. No overlapping, no close to a protein-coding transcript | |
Same strand | LincRNA within 50 kb of and transcribed from the same strand and in the same direction as the nearest protein-coding transcript | ||
Convergent | LincRNA within 50 kb of and transcribed head-to-head with the nearest protein-coding transcript | ||
Divergent | LincRNA within 50 kb of and transcribed tail-to-tail with the nearest protein-coding transcript |
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López-Jiménez, E.; Andrés-León, E. The Implications of ncRNAs in the Development of Human Diseases. Non-Coding RNA 2021, 7, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna7010017
López-Jiménez E, Andrés-León E. The Implications of ncRNAs in the Development of Human Diseases. Non-Coding RNA. 2021; 7(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna7010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Jiménez, Elena, and Eduardo Andrés-León. 2021. "The Implications of ncRNAs in the Development of Human Diseases" Non-Coding RNA 7, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna7010017
APA StyleLópez-Jiménez, E., & Andrés-León, E. (2021). The Implications of ncRNAs in the Development of Human Diseases. Non-Coding RNA, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna7010017