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Article

An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors

by
Diana Alatalo
* and
Fatemeh Hassanipour
*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042
Submission received: 29 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 March 2020 / Published: 27 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experimental and Computational Rheology, Volume II)
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Abstract

The influence of external factors, including temperature, storage, aging, time, and shear rate, on the general rheological behavior of raw human milk is investigated. Rotational and oscillatory experiments were performed. Human milk showed non-Newtonian, shear-thinning, thixotropic behavior with both yield and flow stresses. Storage and aging increased milk density and decreased viscosity. In general, increases in temperature lowered density and viscosity with periods of inconsistent behavior noted between 6–16 ∘ C and over 40 ∘ C. Non-homogeneous breakdown between the yield and flow stresses was found which, when coupled with thixotropy, helps identify the source of nutrient losses during tube feeding.
Keywords: human milk; tube feeding; breastfeeding; viscosity; complex modulus; density human milk; tube feeding; breastfeeding; viscosity; complex modulus; density

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alatalo, D.; Hassanipour, F. An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors. Fluids 2020, 5, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042

AMA Style

Alatalo D, Hassanipour F. An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors. Fluids. 2020; 5(2):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alatalo, Diana, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. 2020. "An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors" Fluids 5, no. 2: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042

APA Style

Alatalo, D., & Hassanipour, F. (2020). An Experimental Study on Human Milk Rheology: Behavior Changes from External Factors. Fluids, 5(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020042

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