Effects of Loading Rate on the Relaxation and Recovery Ability of an Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Testing Methods
3. Quantification of Shape Memory Behavior
4. Experimental Observations
4.1. “Rubbery” Loading and Unloading with Periods of Relaxation
4.2. “Rubbery” Recovery Following Relaxation and Unloading
4.3. “Glassy” Loading and Unloading with Periods of Relaxation
4.4. “Glassy” Recovery Following Relaxation and Unloading
4.5. Loading and Unloading with Periods of Cooling during Relaxation (Shape Memory Cycles)
4.6. Recovery During Shape Memory Cycle
5. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature (°C) | Rate (s−1) | Loading (MPa) | Unloading (MPa) | Relaxation Strain (%) | Unloading (MPa) | Relaxation Strain (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
130 | 0.01 | 2.28 ± 0.09 | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 40 | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 60 |
130 | 0.0001 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 1.27 ± 0.04 | 40 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 60 |
25 | 0.01 | 3420 ± 140 | 2940 ± 90 | 2 | ||
25 | 0.0001 | 2930 ± 50 | 2750 ± 100 | 2 |
Temperature (°C) | Rate (s−1) | Relaxation Strain (%) | Change in Stress (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
130 | 0.01 | 40 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
130 | 0.0001 | 40 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
130 | 0.01 | 60 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
130 | 0.0001 | 60 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
25 | 0.01 | 2 | 11.2 ± 0.9 |
25 | 0.0001 | 2 | 6.35 ± 0.5 |
Temperature (°C) | Rate (s−1) | εprescribed (%) | εunloading (%) | εresidual (%) | εresidual/εprescribed (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 0.0001 | 2 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 4.0 |
25 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 1.5 |
130 | 0.0001 | 40 | 4.31 ± 0.32 | 2.18 ± 0.61 | 5.45 |
130 | 0.01 | 40 | 8.85 ± 0.43 | 1.47 ± 0.51 | 3.68 |
130 | 0.0001 | 60 | 5.52 ± 0.40 | 3.80 ± 0.15 | 6.34 |
130 | 0.01 | 60 | 11.1 ± 0.28 | 1.62 ± 0.39 | 2.7 |
State in Figure 2 | State in Figure 9 | Temperature | Force | Cross-Head Displacement | Strain |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 to B | Heat at 2.5 °C/min from 25 °C to 130 °C | Hold at zero | |||
B | Hold at 130 °C for 60 min | Hold at zero | |||
B to C | 1 to 2 | Hold at 130 °C | Increase to 60% strain at 0.5 mm/min | ||
C | 2 to 3 | Hold at 130 °C | Hold at 60% strain for 60 min | ||
C to D | 3 to 4 | Cool at 2.5 °C/min from 130 °C to 25 °C | Hold at 60% strain | ||
D | 4 to 5 | Hold at 25 °C for 60 min | Hold at 60% strain | ||
5 to 6 | Hold at 25 °C | Decrease at 50 mm/min until force in sample is zero | |||
Unclamp bottom grip from sample | |||||
D to E | 6 to 7 | Heat at 2.5 °C/min from 25 °C to 130 °C | No force applied, only top of sample is gripped | ||
E | 7 to 8 | Hold at 130 °C for 60 min | No force applied, only top of sample is gripped | ||
E to F | Cool at 2.5 °C/min from 130 °C to 25 °C | No force applied, only top of sample is gripped | |||
F | Hold at 25 °C for 60 min | No force applied, only top of sample is gripped |
Test Conditions | Temperature (°C) | εf (%) | Rr,tot (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Following Stress Relaxation | 130 | 1.220928 | 97.97 |
Following Stress Relaxation | 25 | 0.013124 | 99.34 |
Following SMC | 0.049861 | 99.92 |
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McClung, A.J.W.; Tandon, G.P.; Baur, J.W. Effects of Loading Rate on the Relaxation and Recovery Ability of an Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer. Fluids 2017, 2, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids2020013
McClung AJW, Tandon GP, Baur JW. Effects of Loading Rate on the Relaxation and Recovery Ability of an Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer. Fluids. 2017; 2(2):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids2020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcClung, Amber J.W., Gyaneshwar P. Tandon, and Jeffery W. Baur. 2017. "Effects of Loading Rate on the Relaxation and Recovery Ability of an Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer" Fluids 2, no. 2: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids2020013