Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Fructooligosaccharide and Inulin Powders and Their Gelling Competence in Delaying the Retrogradation of Rice Starch
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Experimental EMC/aw Data for FOS and Inulin Samples
2.2. Fitting of Moisture Sorption Equations to Experimental Sorption Data
2.3. Prediction of Moisture Desorption and Adsorption Isotherms by the Best-Fitting Equation
2.4. The Isosteric Heat of Sorption of FOS and Inulin Samples
2.5. FTIR Analysis of FOS and Inulin Samples
2.6. Microstructure of FOS and Inulin Samples
2.7. Effect of FOS and Inulin on the Pasting Parameters of Rice Starch
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The Samples
4.2. Moisture Desorption and Adsorption Isotherms and Their Fitting
4.3. Determination of the Isosteric Heat of Sorption
4.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.6. The Pasting Properties of Rice Starch with AddingFOS or Inulin
4.7. Thermal Properties
4.8. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No. | Species | Abbr. | Moisture Content (% Wet Basis) |
---|---|---|---|
a1 | Fructooligosaccharide | FOS1 | 4.07 |
a2 | Fructooligosaccharide | FOS2 | 2.49 |
a3 | Inulin | INU1 | 4.25 |
a4 | Inulin | INU2 | 3.89 |
a5 | Inulin | INU3 | 3.87 |
Equations | Formula | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ferro–Fontan | Saberi et al. [16] | |
GAB | Li et al. [9] | |
GDW | Furmaniak, et al. [17] | |
Boquet | Liu, et al. [15] | |
MCPE | Li, et al. [9] | |
MGAB | Cao, et al. [18] | |
Peleg | Liu, et al. [15] |
Equation | Samples | Equation | Parameters | Statistical | Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | RSS | SE | R2 | MRE (%) | ||
Boquet | FOS1 | 5.824 × 10−2 | 2.022 × 10−2 | −6.754 × 10−2 | 75.65 | 2.3873 | 0.9849 | 13.7316 |
FOS2 | 9.647 × 10−2 | −7.920 × 10−2 | −1.135 × 10−2 | 111.3702 | 3.3749 | 0.9891 | 12.4943 | |
INU1 | 4.020 × 10−2 | 6.256 × 10−2 | −8.209 × 10−2 | 68.4299 | 2.0735 | 0.9739 | 12.4264 | |
INU2 | 4.131 × 10−2 | 5.890 × 10−2 | −7.953 × 10−2 | 62.5661 | 1.8959 | 0.9764 | 12.2518 | |
INU3 | 7.397 × 10−2 | −1.966 × 10−2 | −4.674 × 10−2 | 78.6517 | 2.3834 | 0.9894 | 10.8291 | |
FOS-aver | 4.603 × 10−2 | 7.125 × 10−2 | −9.184 × 10−2 | 58.9874 | 1.7875 | 0.9767 | 13.3542 | |
INU-aver | 4.072 × 10−2 | 6.405 × 10−2 | −8.433 × 10−2 | 61.4895 | 1.8633 | 0.9763 | 12.4709 | |
Ferro–Fontan | FOS1 | 1.176 | 4.984 | 0.785 | 71.3189 | 2.1622 | 0.9864 | 10.3899 |
FOS2 | 1.152 | 3.608 | 0.666 | 101.2958 | 3.0696 | 0.9901 | 9.7479 | |
INU1 | 1.312 | 6.237 | 0.826 | 69.5126 | 2.1064 | 0.9735 | 10.4663 | |
INU2 | 1.326 | 6.089 | 0.811 | 63.6629 | 1.9292 | 0.9759 | 7.9618 | |
INU3 | 1.151 | 4.254 | 0.737 | 70.8449 | 2.1468 | 0.9905 | 7.7725 | |
FOS-aver | 1.262 | 6.225 | 0.861 | 56.4328 | 1.7101 | 0.9777 | 11.1907 | |
INU-aver | 1.298 | 6.192 | 0.833 | 61.3395 | 1.8587 | 0.9764 | 10.4688 | |
GAB | FOS1 | 5.045 | 0.978 | −4.04 × 108 | 201.3446 | 5.1014 | 0.9615 | 30.695 |
FOS2 | 5.153 | 1.011 | −2.90 × 108 | 368.3782 | 11.1629 | 0.9637 | 50.5032 | |
INU1 | 7.644 | 0.849 | 3.83 × 100 | 68.4299 | 2.0736 | 0.9739 | 12.4264 | |
INU2 | 7.759 | 0.847 | 3.68 × 100 | 62.5661 | 1.8959 | 0.9764 | 12.2518 | |
INU3 | 5.071 | 0.998 | −3.37 × 108 | 256.0895 | 7.7604 | 0.9656 | 37.5305 | |
FOS-aver | 7.071 | 0.864 | 4.03 × 100 | 58.9874 | 1.7875 | 0.9767 | 13.3542 | |
INU-aver | 7.485 | 0.853 | 3.84 × 100 | 61.4895 | 1.8633 | 0.9764 | 12.4709 | |
MGAB | FOS1 | 9.397 | 0.892 | 42.419 | 54.9115 | 1.6639 | 0.9895 | 15.4482 |
FOS2 | 11.008 | 0.933 | 23.839 | 65.9337 | 1.9979 | 0.9935 | 15.0965 | |
INU1 | 9.088 | 0.814 | 69.466 | 50.1801 | 1.5206 | 0.9809 | 12.7239 | |
INU2 | 8.795 | 0.822 | 74.075 | 47.1707 | 1.4294 | 0.9822 | 12.4161 | |
INU3 | 9.999 | 0.918 | 31.607 | 45.0625 | 1.3655 | 0.9939 | 13.9382 | |
FOS-aver | 7.507 | 0.852 | 91.862 | 51.1411 | 1.5497 | 0.9798 | 13.7313 | |
INU-aver | 8.392 | 0.831 | 78.094 | 48.0215 | 1.4552 | 0.9815 | 12.7838 |
Equation | Samples | Equation | Parameters | Statistical | Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | RSS | SE | R2 | MRE (%) | ||
Boquet | FOS1 | 6.041 × 10−3 | 1.380 × 10−1 | −1.345 × 10−1 | 85.3299 | 2.5858 | 0.9805 | 9.7775 |
FOS2 | −4.772 × 10−3 | 1.368 × 10−1 | −1.264 × 10−1 | 194.9933 | 5.9089 | 0.9717 | 9.382 | |
INU1 | 1.129 × 10−3 | 1.558 × 10−1 | −1.377 × 10−1 | 41.2975 | 1.2513 | 0.9784 | 5.4797 | |
INU2 | 1.075 × 10−3 | 1.569 × 10−1 | −1.389 × 10−1 | 39.8948 | 1.2089 | 0.9793 | 5.6076 | |
INU3 | −2.422 × 10−3 | 1.451 × 10−1 | −1.355 × 10−1 | 120.7191 | 3.6582 | 0.9782 | 9.3627 | |
FOS-aver | 1.869 × 10−3 | 1.584 × 10−1 | −1.411 × 10−1 | 29.2268 | 0.8857 | 0.9846 | 4.2232 | |
INU-aver | 1.342 × 10−3 | 1.571 × 10−1 | −1.392 × 10−1 | 36.2956 | 1.0998 | 0.9811 | 5.0535 | |
Ferro–Fontan | FOS1 | 1.026 | 22.381 | 1.378 | 86.2854 | 2.6147 | 0.9803 | 9.6767 |
FOS2 | 0.899 | 131.519 | 1.979 | 253.9399 | 7.6951 | 0.9235 | 12.9858 | |
INU1 | 0.998 | 82.488 | 1.957 | 39.8588 | 1.2078 | 0.9792 | 5.4127 | |
INU2 | 0.996 | 82.828 | 1.962 | 38.1094 | 1.1548 | 0.9803 | 5.5501 | |
INU3 | 0.966 | 92.038 | 1.843 | 152.1041 | 4.6092 | 0.9725 | 10.0406 | |
FOS-aver | 1.006 | 62.711 | 1.863 | 28.7871 | 0.8723 | 0.9848 | 4.2237 | |
INU-aver | 1.000 | 75.336 | 1.927 | 35.1198 | 1.0642 | 0.9816 | 4.9664 | |
GAB | FOS1 | 6.679 | 0.934 | 26.536 | 85.3299 | 2.5858 | 0.9805 | 9.7775 |
FOS2 | 8.493 | 0.941 | 5.42 × 108 | 268.8505 | 8.1469 | 0.9609 | 11.9103 | |
INU1 | 6.336 | 0.878 | 159.284 | 41.2935 | 1.2513 | 0.9784 | 5.4797 | |
INU2 | 6.298 | 0.879 | 167.825 | 39.8948 | 1.2089 | 0.9793 | 5.6076 | |
INU3 | 7.365 | 0.943 | 3.15 × 108 | 128.2907 | 3.8876 | 0.9768 | 9.2657 | |
FOS-aver | 6.182 | 0.881 | 98.267 | 29.2269 | 0.8857 | 0.9846 | 4.2232 | |
INU-aver | 6.271 | 0.879 | 135.115 | 36.2956 | 1.0998 | 0.9811 | 5.0538 | |
MGAB | FOS1 | 6.913 | 0.928 | 465.662 | 74.6088 | 2.2609 | 0.9829 | 8.8713 |
FOS2 | 8.493 | 0.941 | 4.22 × 109 | 268.8509 | 8.1469 | 0.9609 | 11.9103 | |
INU1 | 6.458 | 0.873 | 2035.817 | 39.4308 | 1.1949 | 0.9794 | 4.8227 | |
INU2 | 6.421 | 0.875 | 2073.621 | 38.0729 | 1.1537 | 0.9803 | 4.9639 | |
INU3 | 7.365 | 0.943 | 1.64 × 109 | 128.2907 | 3.8876 | 0.9768 | 9.2657 | |
FOS-aver | 6.273 | 0.877 | 1720.989 | 27.4963 | 0.8332 | 0.9855 | 3.6035 | |
INU-aver | 6.383 | 0.875 | 1935.73 | 34.4638 | 1.0444 | 0.9819 | 4.3433 |
Equation | Sorption | Samples | Equation | Parameters | Statistical Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | d | RSS | SE | R2 | MRE (%) | |||
GDW | Ads | FOS1 | 1.624 | −1.011 × 1010 | 0.893 | 5.985 | 70.0397 | 2.1887 | 0.9866 | 12.9 |
FOS2 | 0.638 | 8.091 × 1013 | 0.947 | 15.145 | 107.4391 | 3.3575 | 0.9894 | 10.302 | ||
INU1 | 1.939 | 3.201 × 1015 | 0.777 | 6.173 | 69.0347 | 2.1573 | 0.9737 | 9.577 | ||
INU2 | 1.884 | −3.402 × 1015 | 0.775 | 6.445 | 63.0002 | 1.9688 | 0.9762 | 9.4799 | ||
INU3 | 1.176 | −5.219 × 1014 | 0.927 | 8.073 | 71.8381 | 2.2449 | 0.9904 | 7.7725 | ||
FOS-aver | 2.026 | −1.432 × 1015 | 0.802 | 5.227 | 55.5323 | 1.7354 | 0.9781 | 10.3702 | ||
INU-aver | 1.954 | 5.358 × 1015 | 0.785 | 5.904 | 60.7027 | 1.8969 | 0.9766 | 9.5277 | ||
GDW | Des | FOS1 | 5.079 | 3.479 × 1013 | 0.911 | 1.573 | 82.4221 | 2.5757 | 0.9812 | 9.7117 |
FOS2 | 10.716 | 1.895 × 1014 | 0.986 | 0.538 | 199.9668 | 6.2489 | 0.9709 | 9.3569 | ||
INU1 | 6.284 | −3.539 × 1014 | 0.885 | 0.973 | 41.8334 | 1.3073 | 0.9782 | 5.8434 | ||
INU2 | 6.276 | −9.768 × 1013 | 0.888 | 0.962 | 40.3433 | 1.2607 | 0.9791 | 5.9754 | ||
INU3 | 8 | −6.846 × 1014 | 0.958 | 0.815 | 123.1143 | 3.8473 | 0.9777 | 9.3528 | ||
FOS-aver | 5.901 | −7.167 × 1013 | 0.881 | 1.061 | 30.3986 | 0.9499 | 0.9839 | 4.6303 | ||
INU-aver | 6.154 | −2.450 × 1013 | 0.885 | 0.997 | 37.0555 | 1.1579 | 0.9806 | 5.4111 | ||
Peleg | Ads | FOS1 | 14.673 | 49.755 | 0.837 | 5.572 | 80.9986 | 2.5312 | 0.9845 | 12.5587 |
FOS2 | 16.396 | 84.128 | 1.011 | 6.731 | 92.4257 | 2.8883 | 0.9909 | 11.4296 | ||
INU1 | 24.366 | 40.734 | 1.219 | 14.457 | 64.0573 | 2.0018 | 0.9756 | 14.2233 | ||
INU2 | 24.698 | 41.827 | 1.237 | 14.854 | 58.0427 | 1.8138 | 0.9781 | 14.1289 | ||
INU3 | 16.466 | 66.614 | 0.971 | 6.441 | 73.3775 | 2.2931 | 0.9902 | 10.4121 | ||
FOS-aver | 22.691 | 33.375 | 1.194 | 11.601 | 61.0083 | 1.9065 | 0.9759 | 15.7294 | ||
INU-aver | 24.021 | 38.471 | 1.222 | 13.708 | 59.2958 | 1.8529 | 0.9772 | 14.606 | ||
Peleg | Des | FOS1 | 14.172 | 50.057 | 0.424 | 5.635 | 87.4058 | 2.7304 | 0.9801 | 9.7695 |
FOS2 | 15.045 | 80.266 | 0.08883 | 6.352 | 166.8639 | 5.2145 | 0.9758 | 9.2847 | ||
INU1 | 13.804 | 31.688 | 0.358 | 5.943 | 40.3411 | 1.2607 | 0.9789 | 5.4666 | ||
INU2 | 13.848 | 32.135 | 0.362 | 6.035 | 38.9284 | 1.2165 | 0.9798 | 5.5801 | ||
INU3 | 14.222 | 65.268 | 0.209 | 5.998 | 118.1249 | 3.6914 | 0.9786 | 9.4316 | ||
FOS-aver | 13.401 | 31.104 | 0.369 | 5.796 | 29.1831 | 0.9124 | 0.9846 | 4.3630 | ||
INU-aver | 13.685 | 31.636 | 0.363 | 5.924 | 35.693 | 1.1154 | 0.9813 | 5.0454 |
Sorption | Samples | Equation | Parameters | Statistical | Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | R2 | MRE (%) | ||
Ads | FOS1 | 22.263 | −2.0714 | 6.41 × 10−2 | −6.80 × 10−4 | 36.532 | −98.016 | 116.264 | 0.9851 | 12.9000 |
FOS2 | −63.883 | 6.691 | −2.48 × 10−1 | 2.93 × 10−3 | 99.468 | −276.555 | 268.853 | 0.9882 | 24.3912 | |
INU1 | −20.728 | 2.767 | −1.09 × 10−1 | 1.33 × 10−3 | 20.955 | −31.751 | 48.274 | 0.9758 | 11.9344 | |
INU2 | −19.854 | 2.619 | −1.02 × 10−1 | 1.23 × 10−3 | 20.257 | −29.928 | 47.211 | 0.9773 | 11.5841 | |
INU3 | −20.811 | 2.309 | −9.18 × 10−2 | 7.12 × 10−3 | 67.999 | −187.285 | 194.058 | 0.9881 | 16.4874 | |
FOS-aver | 15.452 | −1.33 | 4.41 × 10−2 | −5.09 × 10−4 | 14.83 | −23.366 | 44.852 | 0.9768 | 11.2958 | |
INU-aver | −8.379 | 1.352 | −5.54 × 10−2 | 6.87 × 10−4 | 18.681 | −28.347 | 46.779 | 0.9771 | 11.4668 | |
Des | FOS1 | −89.641 | 10.631 | −3.96 × 10−1 | 4.72 × 10−3 | 56.274 | −145.635 | 146.771 | 0.9911 | 6.0063 |
FOS2 | −76.452 | 10.133 | −3.91 × 10−1 | 4.75 × 10−3 | 84.953 | −263.627 | 255.919 | 0.9897 | 5.7773 | |
INU1 | −12.433 | 2.081 | −8.55 × 10−2 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 45.291 | −106.639 | 100.212 | 0.9888 | 3.8617 | |
INU2 | −14.5 | 2.309 | −9.40 × 10−2 | 1.17 × 10−3 | 45.966 | −108.619 | 101.813 | 0.9894 | 3.8712 | |
INU3 | −83.046 | 10.382 | −3.93 × 10−1 | 4.73 × 10−3 | 70.614 | −204.631 | 201.345 | 0.9911 | 5.6422 | |
FOS-aver | 18.026 | −1.439 | 4.47 × 10−2 | −4.90 × 10−4 | 43.723 | −102.515 | 97.256 | 0.9905 | 3.6893 | |
INU-aver | −2.969 | 0.9837 | −4.49 × 10−2 | 5.82 × 10−4 | 44.993 | −105.925 | 99.761 | 0.9896 | 3.8198 |
Equation | Sorption | Samples | Equation | Parameters | Statistical | Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | RSS | SE | R2 | MRE (%) | |||
Ads | FOS1 | 192.973 | 74.547 | 8.07 × 10−2 | 441.1844 | 13.3692 | 0.9155 | 42.2929 | |
FOS2 | 188.219 | 90.979 | 5.93 × 10−2 | 1271.344 | 38.5256 | 0.8745 | 79.0006 | ||
INU1 | 242.255 | 75.762 | 1.14 × 10−1 | 127.2049 | 3.8547 | 0.9498 | 23.3271 | ||
INU2 | 171.271 | 44.641 | 1.16 × 10−1 | 109.6001 | 3.3212 | 0.9581 | 20.7637 | ||
INU3 | 188.458 | 52.262 | 1.11 × 10−1 | 107.1159 | 3.2459 | 0.9595 | 20.9011 | ||
FOS-aver | 189.842 | 83.496 | 6.84 × 10−2 | 782.67 | 23.7173 | 0.8949 | 56.9353 | ||
INU-aver | 195.948 | 55.488 | 1.12 × 10−1 | 112.9711 | 3.4234 | 0.9565 | 21.3975 | ||
des | FOS1 | 133.035 | 25.277 | 8.88 × 10−2 | 383.6574 | 11.6259 | 0.9123 | 24.3588 | |
FOS2 | 127.447 | 12.401 | 7.52 × 10−2 | 1278.414 | 38.7398 | 0.8145 | 26.5989 | ||
INU1 | 234.023 | 36.341 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 119.804 | 3.6304 | 0.9368 | 13.5253 | ||
INU2 | 197.597 | 24.249 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 126.4941 | 3.8332 | 0.9339 | 13.0525 | ||
INU3 | 195.988 | 24.285 | 1.32 × 10−1 | 128.4974 | 3.8939 | 0.9334 | 13.2478 | ||
FOS-aver | 128.783 | 17.439 | 8.14 × 10−2 | 758.0744 | 22.9719 | 0.8628 | 25.2102 | ||
INU-aver | 207.376 | 27.713 | 1.33 × 10−1 | 124.6282 | 3.7766 | 0.9349 | 13.2529 | ||
Ads | FOS1 | 692.292 | 303.719 | 9.99 × 10−2 | 0.1419 | 4.30 × 10−3 | 0.9409 | 22.4137 | |
FOS2 | 376.423 | 168.041 | 9.33 × 10−2 | 0.1659 | 5.03 × 10−3 | 0.9309 | 19.893 | ||
INU1 | 708.351 | 268.984 | 1.21 × 10−1 | 0.1025 | 3.11 × 10−3 | 0.9573 | 18.2084 | ||
INU2 | 342.882 | 113.251 | 1.19 × 10−1 | 0.07214 | 2.19 × 10−3 | 0.9699 | 15.8039 | ||
INU3 | 374.672 | 127.417 | 1.18 × 10−1 | 0.07104 | 2.15 × 10−3 | 0.9704 | 15.7335 | ||
FOS-aver | 501.712 | 222.593 | 9.65 × 10−2 | 0.1457 | 4.41 × 10−3 | 0.9393 | 20.7755 | ||
INU-aver | 431.559 | 150.914 | 1.19 × 10−1 | 0.07894 | 2.39 × 10−3 | 0.9671 | 16.3496 | ||
Des | FOS1 | 181.483 | 28.762 | 1.18 × 10−1 | 0.1279 | 3.88 × 10−3 | 0.9467 | 19.294 | |
FOS2 | 225.796 | −0.09954 | 1.45 × 10−1 | 0.3211 | 3.73 × 10−3 | 0.8662 | 30.5305 | ||
INU1 | 431.376 | 57.777 | 1.70 × 10−1 | 0.06699 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 0.9721 | 12.6296 | ||
INU2 | 332.974 | 33.861 | 1.71 × 10−1 | 0.06377 | 1.93 × 10−3 | 0.9734 | 11.9331 | ||
INU3 | 324.541 | 32.561 | 1.71 × 10−1 | 0.06436 | 1.95 × 10−3 | 0.9732 | 11.9689 | ||
FOS-aver | 188.187 | 10.805 | 1.29 × 10−1 | 0.2074 | 6.28 × 10−3 | 0.9136 | 24.2068 | ||
INU-aver | 355.421 | 39.596 | 1.71 × 10−1 | 0.06454 | 1.96 × 10−3 | 0.9731 | 12.1971 |
Sorption | Equation | Statistical | Parameters | Order | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RSS | SE | R2 | MRE (%) | |||
Ads | Boquet | 73.8778 ± 18.0944 | 2.2523 ± 10.5511 | 0.9809 ± 0.0066 | 12.5083 ± 0.9225 | 3 |
Ferro–Fontan | 70.6296 ± 14.5978 | 2.1404 ± 0.4423 | 0.9815 ± 0.0072 | 9.7139 ± 1.3301 | 1 | |
GAB | 153.8979 ± 123.7536 | 4.5207 ± 3.7049 | 0.9706 ± 0.0067 | 24.1760 ± 15.5366 | 7 | |
GDW | 71.0838 ± 17.0448 | 2.2214 ± 0.5326 | 0.9816 ± 0.0069 | 9.9899 ± 1.5423 | 2 | |
MCPE | 421.7273 ± 452.9505 | 12.7796 ± 13.7258 | 0.9298 ± 0.0348 | 37.8026 ± 22.8697 | 8 | |
MGAB | 51.7744 ± 6.9952 | 1.5689 ± 0.2119 | 0.9859 ± 0.0062 | 13.7340 ± 1.1900 | 5 | |
Polynomial | 75.4104 ± 22.3768 | 2.6003 ± 0.7716 | 0.9812 ± 0.0057 | 14.2942 ± 4.8063 | 6 | |
Peleg | 69.8866 ± 12.9674 | 2.1839 ± 0.4053 | 0.9818 ± 0.0067 | 13.2983 ± 1.8945 | 4 | |
Des | Boquet | 78.2510 ± 61.2138 | 2.3712 ± 1.8549 | 0.9791 ± 0.0039 | 6.9837 ± 2.4055 | 4 |
Ferro–Fontan | 90.6006 ± 84.3703 | 2.7454 ± 2.5567 | 0.9717 ± 0.0216 | 7.5509 ± 3.3312 | 6 | |
GAB | 89.8831 ± 86.5407 | 2.7237 ± 2.6224 | 0.9774 ± 0.0077 | 7.3311 ± 2.9422 | 7 | |
GDW | 79.3049 ± 62.6993 | 2.4782 ± 1.9594 | 0.9788 ± 0.0041 | 7.1831 ± 2.1885 | 5 | |
MCPE | 417.0814 ± 447.3834 | 12.6388 ± 13.5571 | 0.9041 ± 0.0475 | 18.4638 ± 6.5125 | 8 | |
MGAB | 87.3163 ± 87.4499 | 2.6459 ± 2.6499 | 0.9782 ± 0.0081 | 6.8258 ± 3.1629 | 2 | |
Polynomial | 34.1896 ± 20.1132 | 1.1789 ± 0.6935 | 0.9900 ± 0.0009 | 4.6668 ± 1.0749 | 1 | |
Peleg | 73.7915 ± 52.5818 | 2.3059 ± 1.6431 | 0.9799 ± 0.0027 | 6.9916 ± 2.3785 | 3 |
Sample | Absorbance | Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
514 cm−1 | 556 cm−1 | 749 cm−1 | 814 cm−1 | |
FOS2 | 0.2675 ± 0.0075 | 0.1926 ± 0.0038 | - | |
INU3 | - | 0.3082 ± 0.0035 | - | 0.2338 ± 0.0034 |
Sample | 918 cm−1 | 925 cm−1 | 1020 cm−1 | 1084 cm−1 |
FOS2 | 0.2820 ± 0.0050 | - | 0.4101 ± 0.0072 | 0.3556 ± 0.0058 |
INU3 | - | 0.3525 ± 0.0045 | 0.6609 ± 0.0057 | 0.5216 ± 0.0061 |
Sample | 1232 cm−1 | 1329 cm−1 | 1405 cm−1 | 1628 cm−1 |
FOS2 | 0.2216 ± 0.0025 | - | 0.2317 ± 0.0025 | 0.1342 ± 0.0022 |
INU3 | - | 0.2968 ± 0.0060 | - | 0.2046 ± 0.0062 |
Sample | 2072 cm−1 | 2892 cm−1 | 2915 cm−1 | 3337 cm−1 |
FOS2 | 0.0460 ± 0.0069 | 0.1987 ± 0.0044 | - | 0.3559 ± 0.0033 |
INU3 | 0.1057 ± 0.0100 | - | 0.2913 ± 0.0104 | 0.6138 ± 0.0117 |
Addition | Peak Viscosity (cp) | Trough Viscosity(cp) | Breakdown Viscosity (cp) | Final Viscosity (cp) | Setback Viscosity (cp) | Peak Time (min) | Pasting Temp. (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 2724 ± 24 a | 2117 ± 10 a | 609 ± 21 a | 3001 ± 22 a | 885 ± 19 a | 6.44 ± 0.07 e | 75.43 ± 0.01 c |
3% FOS2 | 2539 ± 34 b | 1967 ± 68 c | 573 ± 50 a | 2839 ± 32 b | 872 ± 43 ab | 6.47 ± 0.14 de | 74.77 ± 0.49 d |
5% FOS2 | 2378 ± 35 c | 1954 ± 103 c | 424 ± 81 bc | 2702 ± 20 c | 748 ± 93 bcde | 6.67 ± 0.14 bcd | 75.57 ± 0.45 bcd |
7% FOS2 | 2228 ± 10 d | 1801 ± 48 d | 427 ± 38 bc | 2568 ± 5 d | 767 ± 44 cd | 6.58 ± 0.10 de | 75.30 ± 0.48 bcd |
10% FOS2 | 2019 ± 6 f | 1689 ± 3 e | 330 ± 3 d | 2371 ± 3 f | 682 ± 2 e | 6.67 ± 0.07 cd | 76.13 ± 0.45 b |
3% INU3 | 2527 ± 14 b | 2107 ± 7 b | 422 ± 21 b | 2855 ± 3 b | 749 ± 10 c | 6.75 ± 0.04 bc | 75.60 ± 0.48 bcd |
5% INU3 | 2357 ± 14 c | 1996 ± 22 c | 361 ± 36 cd | 2699 ± 5 c | 703 ± 23 de | 6.75 ± 0.04 bc | 75.88 ± 0.03 b |
7% INU3 | 2157 ± 1 e | 1778 ± 30 d | 378 ± 29 bc | 2502 ± 6 e | 723 ± 34 cd | 6.84 ± 0.08 b | 76.07 ± 0.46 b |
10% INU3 | 1918 ± 8 g | 1502 ± 9 f | 416 ± 8 b | 2243 ± 9 g | 740 ± 8 c | 6.98 ± 0.04 a | 76.63 ± 0.03 a |
Addition | ΔH (J/g) | To (°C) | Tp (°C) | Tc (°C) | Peak Width (°C) | Peak Height (0.01 mW/mg) | Aging (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 9.54 ± 0.10 e | 62.95 ± 1.16 abcde | 69.85 ± 0.94 a | 77.87 ± 1.08 abc | 7.70 ± 0.23 abc | 16.16 ± 0.45 bcd | 38.20 ± 2.60 b |
3% FOS2 | 9.71 ± 0.06 d | 61.97 ± 0.31 e | 69.17 ± 0.15 c | 77.37 ± 0.67 c | 7.43 ± 0.15 c | 17.14 ± 0.34 a | 29.39 ± 0.70 c |
5% FOS2 | 9.85 ± 0.01 c | 62.15 ± 0.15 de | 69.45 ± 0.25 bc | 77.90 ± 0.70 bc | 7.60 ± 0.30 bc | 17.01 ± 0.63 abc | 26.12 ± 0.76 d |
7% FOS2 | 9.95 ± 0.02 b | 62.53 ± 0.25 d | 69.70 ± 0.17 b | 78.07 ± 0.47 bc | 7.53 ± 0.35 bc | 17.16 ± 0.81 abc | 20.44 ± 0.97 e |
10% FOS2 | 10.11 ± 0.03 a | 63.03 ± 0.23 c | 70.50 ± 0.26 a | 79.23 ± 0.32 a | 7.70 ± 0.17 bc | 16.82 ± 0.32 ab | 15.55 ± 0.54 f |
3% INU3 | 9.21 ± 0.09 f | 64.10 ± 0.14 a | 70.70 ± 0.42 a | 78.25 ± 0.49 bc | 7.75 ± 0.07 b | 15.70 ± 0.17 d | 43.62 ± 0.15 a |
5% INU3 | 9.70 ± 0.17 cde | 63.80 ± 0.44 ab | 70.77 ± 0.25 a | 77.70 ± 0.36 c | 7.83 ± 0.12 ab | 16.10 ± 0.32 cd | 35.17 ± 1.95 b |
7% INU3 | 9.76 ± 0.34 abcde | 63.63 ± 0.06 b | 70.80 ± 0.10 a | 78.37 ± 0.51 bc | 7.97 ± 0.06 a | 16.20 ± 0.54 bcd | 33.68 ± 2.80 b |
10% INU3 | 8.57 ± 0.17 g | 64.17 ± 0.21 a | 71.03 ± 0.47 a | 78.70 ± 0.44 ab | 7.63 ± 0.15 c | 15.00 ± 0.26 e | 33.07 ± 7.13 bcd |
Factors | Levels | ΔH (J/g) | To (°C) | Tp (°C) | Tc (°C) | Peak Width (°C) | Peak Height (0.01 mW/mg) | Aging (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | FOS2 | 9.81 ± 0.091 a | 62.32 ± 0.09 d | 69.58 ± 0.09 d | 77.96 ± 0.17 bc | 7.59 ± 0.06 c | 16.82 ± 0.16 a | 25.79 ± 1.04 c |
INU3 | 9.37 ± 0.09 c | 63.940 ± 0.09 a | 70.78 ± 0.09 a | 78.30 ± 0.17 b | 7.78 ± 0.06 a | 15.87 ± 0.16 d | 36.90 ± 1.04 a | |
Addition | 0 | 9.54 ± 0.15 bc | 62.95 ± 0.14 c | 69.85 ± 0.14 c | 77.87 ± 0.27 b | 7.70 ± 0.09 abc | 16.16 ± 0.25 cd | 38.21 ± 1.64 a |
(%) | 3 | 9.46 ± 0.15 c | 63.03 ± 0.14 c | 69.94 ± 0.14 c | 77.81 ± 0.27 c | 7.59 ± 0.09 bc | 16.41 ± 0.25 bc | 36.51 ± 1.64 a |
5 | 9.77 ± 0.15 ab | 62.98 ± 0.14 c | 70.11 ± 0.14 bc | 77.80 ± 0.27 c | 7.72 ± 0.09 abc | 16.54 ± 0.25 abc | 30.64 ± 1.64 b | |
7 | 9.85 ± 0.15 a | 63.09 ± 0.14 c | 70.25 ± 0.14 b | 78.22 ± 0.27 bc | 7.75 ± 0.09 ab | 16.70 ± 0.25 ab | 27.06 ± 1.64 c | |
10 | 9.34 ± 0.15 c | 63.60 ± 0.14 b | 70.77 ± 0.14 a | 78.97 ± 0.27 a | 7.67 ± 0.09 abc | 15.90 ± 0.25 d | 24.31 ± 1.64 c |
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Dai, B.; Chen, R.; Wei, Z.; Wu, J.; Li, X. Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Fructooligosaccharide and Inulin Powders and Their Gelling Competence in Delaying the Retrogradation of Rice Starch. Gels 2025, 11, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100817
Dai B, Chen R, Wei Z, Wu J, Li X. Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Fructooligosaccharide and Inulin Powders and Their Gelling Competence in Delaying the Retrogradation of Rice Starch. Gels. 2025; 11(10):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100817
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Bing, Ruijun Chen, Zheng Wei, Jianzhang Wu, and Xingjun Li. 2025. "Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Fructooligosaccharide and Inulin Powders and Their Gelling Competence in Delaying the Retrogradation of Rice Starch" Gels 11, no. 10: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100817
APA StyleDai, B., Chen, R., Wei, Z., Wu, J., & Li, X. (2025). Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Fructooligosaccharide and Inulin Powders and Their Gelling Competence in Delaying the Retrogradation of Rice Starch. Gels, 11(10), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100817