Optimizing Straw-Rotting Cultivation for Sustainable Edible Mushroom Production: Composting Spent Mushroom Substrate with Straw Additions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Composting Materials and Experimental Design
2.2. On-Site Sampling and Monitoring
2.3. Analysis Methods
2.3.1. Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters
2.3.2. Determination of Physical and Chemical Indicators
2.3.3. DNA Extraction and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.3.4. Microbial Data Analysis and Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes during the Composting Process
3.2. Degradation of Lignocellulose
3.3. Changes in Nutrient Content
3.4. Changes in Organic Matter and Humic Acid Content
3.5. Changes in Microbial Communities
3.6. Correlation between Environment Factors and Microbial Community
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Sawdust | Straw | Wheat Bran | Soybean Meal | Lime | Light Calcium Carbonate | Chicken Manure | Percentage of Carbon Source Content | Percentage of Nitrogen Source Content | Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 80% | 0% | 15% | 3% | 1% | 1% | One-third of the volume of the residue | 28.60 | 1.90 | 15.05 |
A1 | 60% | 20% | 15% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 26.70 | 2.14 | 12.47 | |
A2 | 40% | 40% | 15% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 27.81 | 2.04 | 13.63 | |
A3 | 0% | 80% | 15% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 25.91 | 1.85 | 14.00 |
Treatment | Available-P (g/kg) | Available-K (g/kg) | NO3−-N (mg/kg) | NH4+-N (g/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
CK | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 1.21 ± 0.02 b | 9.17 ± 0.88 a | 7.34 ± 0.19 b | 827.17 ± 3.18 b | 1287.16 ± 9.23 b | 2.02 ± 0.12 a | 1.35 ± 0.06 b |
A1 | 0.44 ± 0.02 c | 1.59 ± 0.03 a | 8.04 ± 0.22 b | 9.16 ± 0.23 a | 638.04 ± 4.07 c | 1597.50 ± 8.79 a | 2.14 ± 0.31 a | 1.77 ± 0.01 a |
A2 | 0.65 ± 0.01 a | 1.55 ± 0.02 a | 4.85 ± 0.04 c | 7.85 ± 0.35 b | 888.65 ± 13.74 a | 949.90 ± 11.71 c | 2.36 ± 0.08 a | 1.20 ± 0.01 c |
Treatment | Organic Matter (g/kg) | Total Humus Carbon (g/kg) | Humic Acid Carbon (g/kg) | Fulvic Acid Carbon (g/kg) | Humin Carbon (g/kg) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
CK | 438.72 ± 2.04 a | 404.15 ± 2.99 a | 314.49 ± 1.44 a | 344.59 ± 0.90 c | 26.95 ± 0.28 b | 56.40 ± 0.49 b | 49.12 ± 0.22 a | 55.69 ± 1.40 a | 238.62 ± 2.25 b | 239.52 ± 0.30 b |
A1 | 438.91 ± 1.67 a | 370.02 ± 7.98 b | 309.86 ± 1.88 b | 378.99 ± 0.37 a | 19.66 ± 0.18 c | 79.90 ± 0.28 a | 42.68 ± 1.22 b | 50.96 ± 2.80 b | 248.73 ± 1.40 a | 205.99 ± 1.84 c |
A2 | 428.85 ± 3.85 b | 372.37 ± 2.69 b | 309.67 ± 1.21 b | 360.22 ± 1.00 b | 32.04 ± 2.25 a | 79.47 ± 1.04 a | 26.98 ± 1.82 c | 28.36 ± 0.94 c | 251.83 ± 0.78 a | 253.04 ± 1.51 a |
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Ma, Y.; Liu, L.; Zhou, X.; Tian, T.; Xu, S.; Li, D.; Li, C.; Li, Y. Optimizing Straw-Rotting Cultivation for Sustainable Edible Mushroom Production: Composting Spent Mushroom Substrate with Straw Additions. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090925
Ma Y, Liu L, Zhou X, Tian T, Xu S, Li D, Li C, Li Y. Optimizing Straw-Rotting Cultivation for Sustainable Edible Mushroom Production: Composting Spent Mushroom Substrate with Straw Additions. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090925
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yongsheng, Lingyun Liu, Xiaoyan Zhou, Tian Tian, Shuai Xu, Dan Li, Changtian Li, and Yu Li. 2023. "Optimizing Straw-Rotting Cultivation for Sustainable Edible Mushroom Production: Composting Spent Mushroom Substrate with Straw Additions" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090925