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Article

Defining Functions of Mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by High-Dimensional Morphological Phenotyping

by
Farzan Ghanegolmohammadi
1,2,
Hiroki Okada
3,
Yaxuan Liu
1,
Kaori Itto-Nakama
1,
Shinsuke Ohnuki
1,
Anna Savchenko
1,4,
Erfei Bi
3,
Satoshi Yoshida
5 and
Yoshikazu Ohya
1,*
1
Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
2
Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
3
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
4
Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, ER 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands
5
School of International Liberal Studies, Nishi-Waseda Campus, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2021, 7(9), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090769
Submission received: 28 July 2021 / Revised: 12 September 2021 / Accepted: 14 September 2021 / Published: 17 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway)
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Abstract

Mannoproteins are non-filamentous glycoproteins localized to the outermost layer of the yeast cell wall. The physiological roles of these structural components have not been completely elucidated due to the limited availability of appropriate tools. As the perturbation of mannoproteins may affect cell morphology, we investigated mannoprotein mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via high-dimensional morphological phenotyping. The mannoprotein mutants were morphologically classified into seven groups using clustering analysis with Gaussian mixture modeling. The pleiotropic phenotypes of cluster I mutant cells (ccw12Δ) indicated that CCW12 plays major roles in cell wall organization. Cluster II (ccw14Δ, flo11Δ, srl1Δ, and tir3Δ) mutants exhibited altered mother cell size and shape. Mutants of cluster III and IV exhibited no or very small morphological defects. Cluster V (dse2Δ, egt2Δ, and sun4Δ) consisted of endoglucanase mutants with cell separation defects due to incomplete septum digestion. The cluster VI mutant cells (ecm33Δ) exhibited perturbation of apical bud growth. Cluster VII mutant cells (sag1Δ) exhibited differences in cell size and actin organization. Biochemical assays further confirmed the observed morphological defects. Further investigations based on various omics data indicated that morphological phenotyping is a complementary tool that can help with gaining a deeper understanding of the functions of mannoproteins.
Keywords: mannoprotein; cell wall; budding yeast; morphology; CalMorph mannoprotein; cell wall; budding yeast; morphology; CalMorph
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ghanegolmohammadi, F.; Okada, H.; Liu, Y.; Itto-Nakama, K.; Ohnuki, S.; Savchenko, A.; Bi, E.; Yoshida, S.; Ohya, Y. Defining Functions of Mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by High-Dimensional Morphological Phenotyping. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090769

AMA Style

Ghanegolmohammadi F, Okada H, Liu Y, Itto-Nakama K, Ohnuki S, Savchenko A, Bi E, Yoshida S, Ohya Y. Defining Functions of Mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by High-Dimensional Morphological Phenotyping. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(9):769. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090769

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghanegolmohammadi, Farzan, Hiroki Okada, Yaxuan Liu, Kaori Itto-Nakama, Shinsuke Ohnuki, Anna Savchenko, Erfei Bi, Satoshi Yoshida, and Yoshikazu Ohya. 2021. "Defining Functions of Mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by High-Dimensional Morphological Phenotyping" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9: 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090769

APA Style

Ghanegolmohammadi, F., Okada, H., Liu, Y., Itto-Nakama, K., Ohnuki, S., Savchenko, A., Bi, E., Yoshida, S., & Ohya, Y. (2021). Defining Functions of Mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by High-Dimensional Morphological Phenotyping. Journal of Fungi, 7(9), 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090769

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