Occupational Histoplasmosis: Epidemiology and Prevention Measures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Epidemiology
3. Histoplasma in the Environment
4. Activities, Settings, and Jobs Associated With Histoplasmosis
5. Preventing Histoplasma Exposures in the Workplace
5.1. Elimination/Engineering Controls
5.1.1. Excluding Bats or Birds from a Building
5.1.2. Controlling Dust Generation and Aerosolized Dust
5.1.3. Disposing of Waste
5.1.4. Disinfecting Potentially Contaminated Material
5.2. Administrative Controls
5.2.1. Posting Health Risk Warnings
5.2.2. Hazard Communication and Training
5.3. Personal Protective Equipment
- the level of risk for histoplasmosis while performing the job;
- the required assigned protection factor [73]. The assigned protection factor is the level of workplace protection that each class of respirators is expected to provide to employees when the employer implements a continuing, effective respiratory protection program;
- the advantages and disadvantages of each respirator class that provide the required assigned protection factor.
6. Laboratory-Acquired Histoplasmosis
7. Public Health Implications
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Ref | Location | Month and Year | No. Cases | Activities and Setting | Type of Workers Affected |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[26,27] | Plattsburg, New York | November 1938 | 23 | Demolition and shoveling bird droppings from the roof of a school building | Works Progress Administration workers |
[28] | Camp Crowder, Missouri | May 1943 | 40 | Cleaning abandoned chicken coops, homes, and barns | Army members |
[29] | Camp Gruber, Oklahoma | March 1944 | 27 | Entering an abandoned storm cellar and chopping wood | Army members |
[30] | Warrenton, North Carolina | May 1947 | 7 | Church renovation | Carpenters and a contractor |
[31] | Cincinnati, Ohio | July 1947 | 12 | Exposure to bird droppings at an abandoned water tower | Not specified |
[32] | Anne Arundel County or Calvert County, Maryland | August 1951 | 2 | Scraping bird/bat droppings off bridges | Bridge workers |
[26] | Mandan, North Dakota | February 1952 | 4 | Demolishing a school building and removing bird droppings | Railroad workers |
[33] | Johnstown, New York | November 1954 | 2 | Cutting down a decayed tree | Lumberjacks |
[34] | North Carolina | 1956 | 2 | House renovation | Not specified |
[35] | Southwestern Minnesota | 1956 | 5 | Church renovation | Workers who cleaned and installed new window wells |
[36] | Walworth, Wisconsin | August 1956 | 19 | Excavation for water and sewer lines while constructing a new house | Construction workers |
[37] | Lexington, Kentucky | October 1960 | 7 | Removing bird droppings at a water tower | Not specified |
[38] | Mason City, Iowa | August–September 1962 | 28 | Clearing trees and bushes at a bird roosting site | Workers who cleared vegetation |
[39] | Northwest Illinois | June 1967 | 12 | House renovation | Construction workers |
[40] | Jane Lew, West Virginia | March 1968 | 4 | Building renovation and digging for gas lines | Maintenance crew, investigators, and laboratory workers |
[41] | Jacksonville, Texas | March 1971 | 2 | Bulldozing a blackbird roost | City workers |
[42] | Aquas Buenas Caves, Puerto Rico | May 1973 | 4 | Digging for fossils in a cave | Students and teachers |
[43] | Hot Springs, Arkansas | July 1975 | 68 | Clearing bird droppings from courthouse roof | Construction workers and office workers |
[44] | Southern Maryland | November 1977 | 13 | Scraping bat droppings from a bridge | Bridge workers and epidemiologists |
[45] | Bossier Parish, Louisiana | September 1977 | 6 | Clearing bamboo from a bird roosting site | Temporary laborers |
[46] | Tennessee | September 1977 | 2 | Cleaning bat droppings from a bridge | Bridge workers |
[47] | Pittsfield, Illinois | April 1980 | 29 | Disruption of bat droppings during renovation of a school building | Heating/ventilation worker and school employees |
[48] | Rogers City, Michigan | January 1980 | 138 | Exposure to a pulley stored in a bird nesting area | Limestone quarry workers |
[49] | Rockville, Maryland | January 1987 | 13 | Renovation of a bat-infested house | Construction workers |
[50] | Lares, Puerto Rico | September 1987 | 4 | Uprooting marijuana plants | Police officers |
[51] | Muskegon County, Michigan | October 1993 | 44 | Sweeping bird droppings from roof at a pulp paper factory | Factory workers |
[52] | 30 miles west of Richmond, Virginia | June 1994 | 72 | Moving a pile of dirt and debris | Prison employees and inmates |
[53] | Eastern Kentucky | June 1995 | 19 | Disruption of bat guano during demolition of abandoned building | Demolition workers |
[54] | Macon County, Illinois | May 2001 | 6 | Moving soil and clearing trees at a landfill | Landfill workers |
[54] | Iroquois County, Illinois | August 2003 | 5 | Bridge repair | Bridge workers |
[55] | Blair, Nebraska | January 2004 | 108 | Removal of contaminated soil excavated during a previous histoplasmosis outbreak | Agricultural processing plant workers |
[56] | Des Moines, Iowa | November 2007 | 55 | Construction and renovation at a state facility building | Construction workers and office workers |
[57] | Iowa | October 2008 | 23 | Demolishing a bat-infested attic | Construction workers |
[58] | McLean County, Illinois | August–September 2011 | 8 | Disrupting bat droppings during building restoration | Temporary laborers |
[59] | Douglas County, Nebraska | June 2012 | 36 | Cleaning bat droppings from a campsite | Camp counselors |
[60] | Danville, Illinois | August 2013 | 85 | Removal of trees where birds roosted | Prison employees and inmates |
Hierarchy of Controls | Prevention Measure |
---|---|
Elimination | Excluding bats or birds from a building |
Engineering controls | Controlling dust generation and aerosolized dust Disposing of waste |
Administrative controls | Developing site safety plan Posting health risk warnings Hazard communication and training |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) | NIOSH-approved respirators Other PPE: eye protection, gloves, protective clothing, shoe/boot coverings |
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de Perio, M.A.; Benedict, K.; Williams, S.L.; Niemeier-Walsh, C.; Green, B.J.; Coffey, C.; Di Giuseppe, M.; Toda, M.; Park, J.-H.; Bailey, R.L.; et al. Occupational Histoplasmosis: Epidemiology and Prevention Measures. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070510
de Perio MA, Benedict K, Williams SL, Niemeier-Walsh C, Green BJ, Coffey C, Di Giuseppe M, Toda M, Park J-H, Bailey RL, et al. Occupational Histoplasmosis: Epidemiology and Prevention Measures. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):510. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070510
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Perio, Marie A., Kaitlin Benedict, Samantha L. Williams, Christine Niemeier-Walsh, Brett J. Green, Christopher Coffey, Michelangelo Di Giuseppe, Mitsuru Toda, Ju-Hyeong Park, Rachel L. Bailey, and et al. 2021. "Occupational Histoplasmosis: Epidemiology and Prevention Measures" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070510