Mucorales Species and Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction.
2. Mucoralean Species Involved in Mucormycosis
3. Host Defense against Mucorales
3.1. Epithelial Cells
3.2. Phagocytes
3.3. Natural Killer Cells
3.4. Platelets
3.5. Dendritic and Lymphocyte T Cells
4. The Responses of Mucorales Spores to Phagocytosis
5. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Cell | Mucoralean Species | Interactions | References |
---|---|---|---|
Alveolar macrophages and BMDMs | R. oryzae R. delemar | Macrophages fail to kill resting spores, but they inhibit spore germination via iron starvation. Spores block phagosome maturation via cell wall melanin. | [32,35,36,37] |
Murine cell line and BMDMs | M. circinelloides | Macrophages fail to kill resting spore and do not inhibit spore germination. Spores block phagosome maturation via calcineurin signal pathway. Spores kill macrophages. | [38,39,40,60] |
Murine alveolar cell line | L. corymbifera | A virulent strain shows increased phagocytosis | [34] |
Zebrafish macrophages | M. circinelloides | Formation of early granulomas in vivo. Induction of macrophages apoptosis in vivo. | [31,33,46] |
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Nicolás, F.E.; Murcia, L.; Navarro, E.; Navarro-Mendoza, M.I.; Pérez-Arques, C.; Garre, V. Mucorales Species and Macrophages. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020094
Nicolás FE, Murcia L, Navarro E, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Pérez-Arques C, Garre V. Mucorales Species and Macrophages. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6(2):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020094
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolás, Francisco E., Laura Murcia, Eusebio Navarro, María Isabel Navarro-Mendoza, Carlos Pérez-Arques, and Victoriano Garre. 2020. "Mucorales Species and Macrophages" Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020094