Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Estimate precision
2.1. Candidaemia
2.1.1. 5142 Cases of Invasive Candidiasis in the UK
2.1.2. Discussion
2.2. Invasive Aspergillosis
2.2.1. 294 Annual Cases of Invasive Aspergillosis in Denmark
2.2.2. Discussion
2.3. Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
2.3.1. Over 700 Cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Per Year in Guatemala
2.3.2. Discussion
2.4. Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)
2.4.1. About 120,754 Cases of CPA in Nigeria
2.4.2. Discussion
2.5. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) & Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation (SAFS)
2.5.1. Up to 28,447 Patients with ABPA and 37,491 with SAFS in Ukraine
2.5.2. Discussion
2.6. Fungal Keratitis
2.6.1. 11,638 Cases of Fungal Keratitis in Mexico
2.6.2. Discussion
2.7. Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
2.7.1. About 6% (443,237 of 7,380,000) of Nepalese Women Suffer from Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
2.7.2. Discussion
2.8. Tinea Capitis
2.8.1. Over 15,500,000 Cases of Tinea Capitis among Nigerian Children
2.8.2. Discussion
3. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Disease | Annual Incidence | Global Burden | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Superficial | |||
Skin, hair, nail | ~1,000,000,000 | ||
Fungal keratitis | ~1,000,000 | ||
Mucosal | |||
Oral candidiasis | ~2,000,000 | HIV only, 90% of those not on ARVs | |
Oesophageal candidiasis | ~1,300,000 | HIV only, 20% on those with CD4 counts <200 and 5% of those on ARVs | |
Vulvovaginal candidiasis episode | 70% affected in their lifetime | ||
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis | ~134,000,000 | Annual prevalence. Nearly 500 million lifetime experience | |
Allergic | |||
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma | ~4,800,000 | Adults only, rare in children | |
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis | ~6675 | Adults only, starts from age 4 | |
Severe asthma with fungal sensitisation | ~6,500,000 | Adults only, probably uncommon in children | |
Fungal rhinosinusitis | ~12,000,000 | ||
Chronic severe | |||
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | ~3,000,000 | ||
Mycetoma | ~9000 | 1950–2013 case reports, NTD | |
Chromoblastomycosis | >10,000 | Limited data and uncommon, NTD | |
Coccidioidomycosis | ~25,000 | ||
Paracoccidioidmycosis | ~4000 | ||
Blastomycosis | ~3000 | ||
Histoplasma infection | ~500,000 | ~25,000 | Most of the new infections are asymptomatic based on skin testing |
Sporotrichosis | >40,000 | Very limited global data. Very common in hyper endemic regions of Peru, Brazil and Mexico | |
Acute invasive | |||
Invasive candidiasis | ~750,000 | Includes 60,000–100,000 cases of intra-abdominal candidiasis | |
Invasive aspergillosis | >300,000 | From about 10 million at risk annually | |
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AIDS and non-AIDS | ~500,000 | ||
Cryptococcosis in AIDS | ~223,000 | HIV-related, up to another 10% non-HIV | |
Mucormycosis | >10,000 | Based on French data = 4200. | |
Based on Indian data = 910,000 | |||
Disseminated histoplasmosis | ~100,000 | No reliable estimates | |
Talaromycosis * | ~8000 | SE Asia only; |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Brazil [52] | 28,991 | 14.9 | No local incidence data |
Pakistan [53] | 38,795 | 21 | 1.6 per 100,000 + 50% of candida peritonitis |
Qatar [54] | 288 | 15.4 | 15.4 per 100,000 from previous studies |
Thailand [55] | 8650 | 13.3 | 94% of non-neutropenic patients with fungaemia + 4.5% of neutropenic patients |
Hungary [56] | 1110 | 11 | 3–10 per 100,000 from previous studies + 780 cases in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
Israel [57] | 664 | 11 | Incidence rate obtained from a nationwide surveillance between 2005 and 2007 and adjusted to the number of ICU hospital days in 2012 |
Denmark [58] | 527 | 9.4 | Data from Arendrup et al. [30] |
Russia [59] | 11,840 | 8.3 | 0.37 per 1000 hospitalised patients based on previous report |
Spain [60] | 3807 | 8.1 | 8.1 per 100,000 from previous study |
United Kingdom [19] | 5142 | 8.1 | 38% of probable or proven invasive candidiasis tested by blood culture techniques in England, wales and northern Ireland, plus 4.8 cases per 100,000 in Scotland |
Ireland [61] | 403 | 6.3 | Statistics and Research records office voluntary laboratory reporting programme |
Nigeria [62] | 9284 | 6 | 6 per 100,000 + 50% of candida peritonitis |
Uzbekistan [63] | 1825 | 5.9 | Data from Ministry of Health |
Algeria [64] | 2020 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Bangladesh [65] | 8100 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Belgium [66] | 555 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Chile [67] | 878 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Czech Republic [68] | 526 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Dominican Republic [69] | 504 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Ecuador [70] | 1037 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Egypt [71] | 4127 | 5 | 5 per 100,000 and 0.98 per 100,000 of intra-abdominal peritonitis |
Greece [72] | 541 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Guatemala [73] | 772 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Jamaica [74] | 136 | 5 | 5.5 per 100,000 |
Kenya [75] | 1990 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Mexico [76] | 5617 | 5 | 5 per 100,000 + 285 in candida peritonitis |
Peru [77] | 1557 | 5 | 2–11 per 100,000 + 50% of candida peritonitis |
Tanzania [78] | 2181 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 87 | 5 | 5 per 100,000 + 285 in candida peritonitis |
Ukraine [80] | 752 | 5 | 5 per 100,000 + 285 in candida peritonitis |
Vietnam [81] | 4540 | 5 | No local incidence data |
Germany [82] | 3712 | 4.6 | Data from Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden 2015 [83] |
Korea [84] | 1976 | 4.1 | 0.22 per 1000 patients |
France [85] | 2370 | 3.6 | No local incidence data |
Canada [86] | 1034 | 2.9 | Average from 2 studies, 2.8 cases/100,000 [87] and 3.3 cases/100,000 [88] over a 5 year period |
Austria [89] | 209 | 2.6 | - |
Sri Lanka [90] | 507 | 2.5 | unpublished data from the department of mycology |
Portugal [91] | 231 | 2.2 | Data from Portuguese multicentre survey [92] |
Philippines [93] | 1968 | 2 | 2 per 100,000 + 50% candida peritonitis |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 | Assumptions |
---|---|---|---|
Vietnam [120] | 14,523 | 16.0 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML, 0.5% of renal, T.X.; 4% of lung and liver Tx, 6% of heart Tx, 3.9% of COPD admissions |
Egypt [71] | 9001 | 10.7 | 2.6% of COPD admissions, 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of all other predisposing haematological malignancies, 1% of renal Tx, 4% of liver Tx, and 2.6% of lung Tx |
Greece [72] | 1125 | 10.4 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 8% of HSCT, 6% of heart Tx, 4% of lung and liver Tx, 1% of kidney, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Algeria [64] | 2865 | 7.1 | 1.3% of COPD admissions and 2.6% lung cancer, 7.7% neutropenic patients |
Ireland [61] | 445 | 7.0 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 8% of HSCT, 0.5% of renal Tx, 2% of heart Tx, 0.9% of liver Tx, 9.1% of lung Tx, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Israel [57] | 574 | 6.8 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of HSCT, 0.5% of renal Tx, 4% of lung, T.X.; 6% of heart Tx, 4% of liver Tx, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Belgium [66] | 675 | 6.1 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 0.5% of renal Tx 4% of lung and liver Tx, 6% of heart Tx, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Pakistan [53] | 10,949 | 5.9 | 3.9% of COPD admissions, 2.6% of lung cancer Tx, 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML |
Ecuador [70] | 748 | 5.5 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 8% of HSCT, 1% of Liver Tx, 0.5% renal of Tx, 2% of heart Tx, 9% of lung Tx, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Denmark [58] | 294 | 5.3 | 10% of HSCT, 6% of heart and lung Tx, 4% of liver, T.X.; 1% in renal, T.X.; 1.3% of COPD admission |
Bangladesh [65] | 5166 | 5.1 | 1.3% of COPD (only COPD included in the assumptions) |
Germany [82] | 4280 | 5.1 | 5% of, A.M.L.; 5% of non-AML haematological malignancies, 1% of renal Tx, 20% of lung Tx, 6% of heart Tx, 4% of liver Tx and 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Peru [77] | 1621 | 5.0 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML haematological malignancies, 1.3% of COPD admissions, 0.3% of renal Tx, 0.8% of liver Tx, 4.8% of heart Tx, 42% of HSCT |
Uzbekistan [63] | 1521 | 4.8 | 50% of, A.M.L.; 1.3% of COPD admissions |
United Kingdom [19] | 2912 | 4.6 | 9% of HSCT, 10% of, S.O.T.; 0.6% of, H.I.V.; 15% in haematological disease, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Brazil [52] | 1854 | 4.5 | 13.4% of, A.M.L.; 2.3% of HSCT receipients, 0.5% of renal Tx, 13.3% of lung Tx (no COPD data) |
Korea [84] | 2150 | 4.5 | 14.7% of HSCT, 0.76% of liver Tx, 0.24% of renal Tx, 8.8% of lung Tx, 0.8% of heart Tx, and 5% of AML or non-AML haematological malignancy, 1.6% of COPD admissions |
Guatemala [73] | 671 | 4.3 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% in Non-AML haematological malignancies, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Austria [89] | 333 | 4.1 | - |
Mexico [76] | 4510 | 4.0 | 1.3% of COPD admissions, 8% of haematological conditions, 0.7% of solid organ Tx |
Nepal [121] | 1119 | 4.0 | 3.9% of COPD admissions, 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML haematological malignancies |
Uganda [122] | 389 | 3.8 | 7% in haematological malignancy, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Hungary [56] | 319 | 3.2 | 12% of, A.M.L.; 6–8 % of HSCT, 8.6% of lung Tx, 3.4% of heart Tx, 4.7% of Liver Tx, 1.3% of renal Tx, 1.35% of COPD admissions |
Philippines [93] | 3085 | 3.0 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML, 0.5% of renal Tx, 4% of liver Tx, 1.3% of COPD admissions |
Czech Republic [68] | 297 | 2.8 | 1.3% of COPD admissions, 10% of, A.M.L.; 1% of renal Tx, 5% of lung Tx, 5.5% of heart Tx, 4% in liver Tx |
Spain [60] | 1293 | 2.8 | 10% of HSCT, 6% of heart Tx, 4% of lung and liver Tx, 1% of kidney Tx, 7% of, A.M.L.; 7.7% of non-AML haematological disease, 1.3% of admitted COPD cases |
Ukraine [80] | 1233 | 2.7 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML, 3.6% of COPD admissions |
Portugal [91] | 243 | 2.3 | 1.3% of COPD admissions, 2.63% of lung cancers, 31% of HSCT, 6% of heart Tx, 4% of lung and liver Tx, 1% of kidney Tx |
Russia [59] | 3238 | 2.3 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 20% of HSCT, 1% of renal Tx, 4% of liver Tx, 6% of heart Tx, 1.3% of admitted COPD patients |
France [85] | 1185 | 1.8 | 1.8 per100,000 from previous studies and 1300 cases a year in COPD. |
Chile [67] | 296 | 1.7 | 10% of Leukaemia, 1.3% of COPD admission, 2.6% of lung cancers |
Canada [86] | 566 | 1.6 | 8.9% of, A.M.L.; 0.2% of kidney Tx, 0.5% of liver, 3.8% of lung Tx, 0.8% of heart Tx and 0.2% in pancreas Tx, and 7.5% in HSCT, 3.6/1000 COPD admissions |
Thailand [55] | 941 | 1.4 | 13.5% of, A.M.L.; 3% of renal Tx, 4% of lung and liver Tx, 1.3% of COPD |
Sri Lanka [90] | 229 | 1.1 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 100% of non-AML, 0.5% of renal Tx, 4% of liver Tx |
Dominican Republic [69] | 61 | 0.8 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML haematological patients, 13.4% of COPD over 40 years |
Kenya [75] | 239 | 0.6 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML haematological patients (COPD was not included) |
Nigeria [62] | 928 | 0.6 | 10% of, A.M.L.; 10% of non-AML haematological malignancies (COPD was not includesd) |
Qatar [54] | 11 | 0.6 | 11 cases recorded in the reference laboratory |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 8 | 0.6 | 10% of AML (COPD population was not included) |
Tanzania [78] | 20 | 0.1 | 10% of AML (COPD population was not included) |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 | Assumptions |
---|---|---|---|
Nigeria [62] | 74,595 | 48.2 | 40% of new AIDS cases in children and 10% in adults |
Kenya [75] | 17,000 | 43.0 | 10% in HIV with CD4 < 200 |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 400 | 30.0 | 80% of HIV patients with CD < 200 |
Tanzania [78] | 9600 | 22.0 | 10.4% of adults living with HIV |
Ukraine [80] | 6152 | 13.5 | 60% of HIV patients |
Jamaica [74] | 350 | 13.0 | 255 in HIV HAART naïve |
Senegal [133] | 1149 | 8.2 | 22% of new AIDS |
Uzbekistan [63] | 165 | 5.37 | 60% of HIV with CD < 200 |
Guatemala [73] | 722 | 4.7 | 4.7% in HIV patients |
Peru [77] | 1447 | 4.6 | 13% in AIDS |
Mexico [76] | 5130 | 4.5 | 24% in HIV |
Chile [67] | 766 | 4.3 | 35% of new HIV cases |
Nepal [121] | 990 | 3.6 | 16.7% of new AIDS case in children and 22.4% of adults |
Spain [60] | 305 | 3.4 | 3.4/100,000 from previously published studies |
Ecuador [70] | 535 | 3.28 | 10.7% of HIV with CD4 < 200 from previous study |
Thailand [55] | 1708 | 2.6 | 21% of new AIDS cases |
Dominican Republic [69] | 234 | 2.31 | 80% of HIV HAART naïve partients with CD4 < 200 |
Brazil [52] | 4115 | 2.1 | 4.7% of AIDS patients with CD4 < 350 |
Germany [82] | 1013 | 1.3 | Epidemiological data from Robert Koch institute 2012 |
Pakistan [53] | 2200 | 1.2 | 16% in HIV |
Belgium [66] | 120 | 1.1 | From unpublished data from the an AIDS reference from Leuven, Belgium |
France [85] | 658 | 1.0 | Data from retrospective study in 2014 |
Greece [72] | 112 | 1.0 | 26.2% of the new AIDS cases |
Uganda [122] | 412 | 1.0 | 2.6% of non-HIV pneumonia deaths in children below 15 years + 36.8% of HIV adults HIV patients with CD4 < 100 + 10–49% of pneumonia admissions in children with HIV |
Ireland [61] | 50 | 0.8 | 25% in HIV |
Qatar [54] | 15 | 0.8 | 15 cases reported to the reference laboratory |
Canada [86] | 252 | 0.71 | Cases from a single tertiary centre in Montreal |
Czech Republic [68] | 72 | 0.7 | Internal registry of the Department of tropical and infectious diseases in Prague |
Vietnam [120] | 608 | 0.67 | 13% of new AIDS diagnosis |
Portugal [91] | 65 | 0.62 | 0.61/100,000 on a previous study |
Korea [84] | 245 | 0.51 | 20% of new HIV patients with low CD4 |
Philippines [93] | 391 | 0.4 | 31% of new AIDS diagnosis |
United Kingdom [19] | 207 | 0.33 | Incidence rates in HIV and solid organ transplant recipients from previous studies. |
Israel [57] | 26 | 0.3 | Records from Clinical Microbiological lab at Tel Aviv |
Algeria [64] | 74 | 0.18 | 15% in HIV CD4 < 200 from various studies |
Russia [59] | 1414 | 0.16 | 2.1% of new HIV |
Egypt [71] | 125 | 0.15 | 1.9% of HIV based on previous study |
Hungary [56] | 5 | 0.1 | Records from clinical laboratory |
Bangladesh [65] | 58 | 0.04 | 17% of HIV |
Denmark [58] | 2 | 0.04 | 35% in new AIDS patient from data of 1997–2009 and 255 in Non-AIDS based on previous study |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 |
---|---|---|
Russia [59] | 52,311 | 126.2 |
Nigeria [62] | 120,747 | 78 |
Philippines [93] | 77,172 | 78 |
Pakistan [53] | 72,438 | 70 |
Vietnam [120] | 55,509 | 61 |
Dominican Republic [69] | 1374 | 55 |
Uganda [122] | 18,000 | 46 |
Bangladesh [65] | 20,720 | 41 |
Kenya [75] | 12,927 | 32 |
Thailand [55] | 19,044 | 29.2 |
Belgium [66] | 662 | 27.7 |
Quatar [54] | 176 | 26.8 |
Nepal [121] | 6611 | 24.2 |
India [136] | 209,147 | 24 |
Tanzania [78] | 10,437 | 24 |
Korea [84] | 10,754 | 22.4 |
Ukranie [80] | 10,054 | 22 |
Senegal [133] | 2700 | 19 |
Mexico [76] | 18,246 | 15.9 |
Sri Lanka [90] | 2886 | 14.4 |
Egypt [71] | 3015 | 13.8 |
Peru [77] | 3593 | 11 |
Guatemala [73] | 1484 | 9.6 |
Spain [60] | 4318 | 9.19 |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 110 | 8.2 |
Chile [67] | 1212 | 6.9 |
Uzbekistan [63] | 1941 | 6.3 |
Brazil [52] | 12,032 | 6.2 |
Hungary [56] | 504 | 6 |
United Kingdom [19] | 3600 | 5.7 |
France [85] | 3450 | 5.2 |
Denmark [58] | 270 | 4.8 |
Austria [89] | 328 | 4.7 |
Greece [72] | 386 | 3.7 |
Czech Republic [68] | 365 | 3.5 |
Ecuador [70] | 2100 | 3.28 |
Ireland [61] | 196 | 3.1 |
Portugal [91] | 776 | 3.1 |
Jamaica [74] | 82 | 3 |
Germany [82] | 2320 | 2.9 |
Israel [57] | 200 | 2.5 |
Algeria [64] | 897 | 2.2 |
Canada [86] | 492 | 1.4 |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom [19] | 235,070 | 372 | 2.5% of asthma + 12.5% of adult CF and 7.5% of children with CF |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 3491 | 260 | 2.5%of asthma |
Dominican Republic [69] | 25,149 | 249 | 2.5% of asthma |
Belgium [66] | 23,119 | 208.3 | 2.5% of asthma patients and 15% in CF |
Brazil [52] | 390,486 | 201.3 | 2.1% adult asthmatics and 22% adult with CF |
Greece [72] | 20,843 | 193 | 2.5% of asthma and 17.7% of CF |
Jamaica [74] | 5116 | 188 | 2.5% of asthma |
Ecuador [70] | 26,642 | 185 | 2.5% of asthma |
Canada [86] | 61,854 | 174 | 2.5% in Asthma and 18% in CF |
Egypt [71] | 133,834 | 162 | 2.5% of asthma |
Spain [60] | 59,210 | 156 | 2.5% of asthma |
Germany [82] | 123,960 | 154 | 2.5% of asthma and 4.8% of CF |
France [85] | 95,331 | 145 | 2.5% of asthma |
Ireland [61] | 8960 | 140 | 2.5% of asthma and 17.75% in CF |
Hungary [56] | 13129 | 132.5 | 2.5%of asthma and 15% in CF |
Denmark [58] | 7328 | 131 | 2.5% of asthma and 5% CF |
Philippines [93] | 121,113 | 123 | 2.5% of asthma |
Russia [59] | 175,082 | 122.5 | 2.5% of asthma |
Portugal [91] | 12,600 | 119 | 2.5% of asthma |
India [136] | 1,380,000 | 114 | 2.5% (0.7–3.5%) of asthma |
Israel [57] | 8297 | 101 | 2.5% of asthma and 6.6% in CF |
Chile [67] | 17,183 | 97.9 | 2.5% of asthma |
Austria [89] | 7537 | 91.7 | - |
Algeria [64] | 31,310 | 77 | 2.5% of asthma patients |
Peru [77] | 22,453 | 72 | 2.5% of asthma |
Senegal [133] | 9976 | 71 | 2.5% of asthma |
Ukranie [80] | 28,447 | 62.4 | 2.5%of asthma |
Nigeria [62] | 93,649 | 60.5 | 2.5% of asthma |
Qatar [54] | 1126 | 60.2 | 2.5% of asthma |
Mexico [76] | 47,855 | 60 | 2.5% of asthma |
Thailand [55] | 38,009 | 58.4 | 2.5% of asthma |
Korea [84] | 27,312 | 56.9 | 2.5% of asthma |
Bangladesh [123] | 90,262 | 56 | 2.5% of asthma patients |
Pakistan [53] | 94,358 | 51 | 2.5% of asthma |
Sri Lanka [90] | 10,344 | 49 | 2.5% of asthma |
Uganda [122] | 18,700 | 47.9 | 2.5% of asthma |
Czech Republic [68] | 4739 | 45 | 2.5% of asthma and 18% CF |
Kenya [75] | 17,696 | 44 | 2.5% of asthma |
Tanzania [78] | 18,987 | 44 | 2.5% of asthma |
Guatemala [73] | 5568 | 36.1 | 2.5%of asthma |
Nepal [121] | 9546 | 35 | 2.5% of asthma |
Vietnam [120] | 23,607 | 23 | 2.5% of asthma |
Uzbekistan [63] | 879 | 2.9 | 2.5% of asthma + 15% of CF |
Country (Reference) | Burden | Rate/100,000 |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom [19] | 413,724 | 654 |
Trinidad and Tobago [79] | 4608 | 344 |
Dominican Republic [69] | 33,197 | 329 |
Ecuador [70] | 45,183 | 311 |
Brazil [52] | 599,283 | 288 |
Belgium [66] | 30,402 | 273 |
Greece [72] | 27,744 | 256 |
Jamaica [74] | 6753 | 248 |
Egypt [71] | 176,661 | 214 |
Canada [86] | 73,344 | 206 |
Germany [82] | 163,131 | 203 |
Spain [60] | 93,044 | 198 |
France [85] | 124,678 | 189 |
Ireland [61] | 111,675 | 182 |
Hungary [56] | 17,330 | 175 |
Philippines [93] | 159,869 | 162 |
Russia [59] | 231,000 | 161 |
Portugal [91] | 16,614 | 159 |
Denmark [58] | 7793 | 139 |
Chile [67] | 22,300 | 127 |
Austria [89] | 9949 | 121 |
Algeria [64] | 41,329 | 102 |
Peru [77] | 29,638 | 95 |
Senegal [133] | 13,168 | 93 |
Ukraine [80] | 37,491 | 82 |
India [136] | 960,000 | 80 |
Qatar [54] | 1486 | 80 |
Nigeria [62] | 120,753 | 78 |
Thailand [55] | 50,172 | 77 |
Korea [84] | 36,052 | 75 |
Bangladesh [65] | 119,146 | 74 |
Pakistan [53] | 129,776 | 70 |
Israel [57] | 5540 | 68 |
Sri Lanka [90] | 13,654 | 65 |
Czech Republic [68] | 6581 | 62 |
Uganda [122] | 24,684 | 62 |
Kenya [75] | 23,359 | 58 |
Tanzania [78] | 25,063 | 57 |
Mexico [76] | 66,997 | 53 |
Guatemala [73] | 7349 | 48 |
Nepal [121] | 12,600 | 46 |
Vietnam [120] | 31,161 | 34 |
Uzbekistan [63] | 1147 | 3.7 |
Country | Burden | Rate/100,000 | Proportion of Microbial Keratitis that is Fungal |
---|---|---|---|
Nepal [121] | 19,938 | 73.00 | 27–62% of microbial keratitis |
Pakistan [53] | 80,553 | 44.00 | 0.15% of general population based on the Chinese study [150] |
Thailand [55] | 9765 | 15.00 | 15% of microbial keratitis |
Egypt [71] | 11,550 | 14.00 | 40% of microbial keratitis |
Mexico [76] | 11,638 | 10.40 | 0.15% of general population based on the Chinese study [150] |
Vietnam [120] | 6356 | 7.00 | Based on previous Vietnamese study reporting a rate of 7 per 100,000 [160] |
Sri Lanka [90] | 100,000 | 6.30 | 40% direct microscopy positivity rate for fungal elements in corneal buttons and scrapings |
Qatar [54] | 6 | 1.68 | 6 cases recorded in the mycology reference laboratory |
China [161] | 17,038 | 1.30 | 0.15% of general population [150] |
Philippines [93] | 358 | 0.36 | Based on cases seen at a tertiary government hospital in the national capital region in 2015 |
Korea [84] | 29 | 0.06 | Based on a previous Danish study [162] |
Denmark [58] | 3 | 0.05 | Based on a previous Danish study [162] |
Germany [82] | 32 | 0.04 | Based on a previous Danish study [162] |
Prevalence (%) | Country | Year of Publication | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
76.1 | Nigeria | 2011 | Adefemi et al. [169] |
68.0 | Kenya | 2015 | Moto et al. [175] |
49.5 | Rwanda | 1983 | Buginco et al. [176] |
45.0 | Nigeria | 2016 | Dogo et al. [171] |
44.8 | Senegal | 2016 | Diongue et al. [177] |
39.3 | Mali | 2016 | Coulibaly et al. [178] |
36.5 | Ethiopia | 2015 | Leiva-Salinas et al. [179] |
35.2 | Nigeria | 2015 | Kalu et al. [180] |
33.3 | Kenya | 2001 | Ayaya et al. [181] |
31.2 | Nigeria | 2008 | Ayanbimpe et al. [182] |
26.9 | Nigeria | 2014 | Oke et al. [170] |
23.1 | Gabon | 2011 | Hogewoning et al. [183], |
23.1 | Gabon | 2013 | Hogewoning et al. [184] |
22.5 | Tanzania | 1998 | Frederick et al. [185] |
20.6 | Kenya | 2013 | Hogewoning et al. [184] |
15.4 | Nigeria | 2014 | Ayanlowo [186] |
13.9 | Ivory Coast | 2013 | Fulgence et al. [187] |
11.2 | Kenya | 2009 | Chepchirchir et al. [188] |
9.4 | Nigeria | 2008 | Emele et al. [189] |
8.7 | Ghana | 2013 | Hogewoning et al. [184] |
8.4 | Ghana | 2013 | Hogewoning et al. [184] |
8.1 | Cameroon | 2014 | Kechia et al. [190] |
7.8 | Kenya | 1997 | Schmeller et al. [191] |
7.1 | Kenya | 2010 | Komba et al. [192] |
3.6–9.6 | Mozambique | 2007 | Sidat et al. [193] |
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Bongomin, F.; Gago, S.; Oladele, R.O.; Denning, D.W. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3040057
Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision. Journal of Fungi. 2017; 3(4):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3040057
Chicago/Turabian StyleBongomin, Felix, Sara Gago, Rita O. Oladele, and David W. Denning. 2017. "Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision" Journal of Fungi 3, no. 4: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3040057