Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling, Isolation, and Morphological Characterisation of Fungal Cultures
2.2. Morphological Identification
2.3. DNA Extraction for Molecular Characterization
2.4. PCR Amplification and Sequencing
2.5. Sequence Analysis and Alignment
2.6. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.7. Pathogenicity Assay to Confirm the Virulence of F. oxysporum and F. equiseti
2.8. Effect of F. equiseti and F. oxysporum on Tuber Production
2.9. In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma Harzianum
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Characterization of Isolates
Isolate | Front Color | Surface Traits | Back Color | Colony Diameter after 7 Days | Fusarium spp. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB 9 | purple | cottony | purple | 55 mm | F. oxysporum |
AB 10 | white | dense cottony | creamy white | 55 mm | F. equiseti |
AB 12 | white | dense cottony | creamy white | 45 mm | F. thapsinum |
AB 13 | white | dense cottony | golden brown | 55.5 mm | F. equiseti |
AB 25 | white with a hint of pink | cottony | purple | 55.2 mm | F. oxysporum |
AB 26 | purple and white | cottony | purple taupe | 50 mm | F. annulatum |
AB 27 | white | cottony | ivory | 45 mm | F. fujikuroi |
AB 39 | ivory | granular cottony | ivory | 44 mm | F. incarnatum |
3.2. Molecular Characterization of Isolates
Sample | Isolate | NCBI Percent Identity | Fusarium spp. | NCBI Accession | Isolation Site in Pakistan | Specimen Isolation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AB 9 | 99.75% | F. oxysporum | PP268016 | all sampling regions | Leaves |
2 | AB 10 | 100% | F. equiseti | PP268017 | all sampling regions | Leaves |
3 | AB 12 | 100% | F. thapsinum | PP268019 | Sahiwal | Leaves |
4 | AB 13 | 100% | F. equiseti | PP268020 | all sampling regions | Leaves |
5 | AB 25 | 100% | F. oxysporum | PP268021 | all sampling regions | Leaves |
6 | AB 26 | 100% | F. annulatum | PP268022 | Kamalia | Leaves |
7 | AB 27 | 100% | F. fujikuroi | PP268023 | Chichawatni | Leaves |
8 | AB 39 | 100% | F. incarnatum | PP268018 | Pakpattan | Leaves |
3.3. Evolutionary Analysis by Maximum Likelihood Method for ITS and TEF 1α Sequences
3.4. Fusarium Pathogenicity Test
3.5. Antagonistic Effect of Trichoderma on Fusarium Strains
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Nasir, M.W.; Toth, Z. Effect of drought stress on potato production: A review. Agronomy 2022, 12, 635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, N.P.; Akhtar, J. Competitiveness and policy analysis of potato production in different agro-ecological zones of Northern Areas: Implications for food security and poverty alleviation. Pak. Dev. Rev. 2006, 45, 1137–1154. [Google Scholar]
- Hassan, S.I.; Khan, A.; Iqbal, R.A.; Khan, R.A.; Sajid, M.N.; Javaid, T.; Hussain, M.M. Evolution of an indigenously developed climate-resilient potato variety “Kashmir” in Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Ext. 2024, 12, 173–181. [Google Scholar]
- Kumari, M.; Kumar, M.; Solankey, S.S. Breeding Potato for Quality Improvement; Intech Open: London, UK, 2018; Volume 10. [Google Scholar]
- Wijesinha-Bettoni, R.; Mouillé, B. The contribution of potatoes to global food security, nutrition and healthy diets. Am. J. Potato Res. 2019, 96, 139–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devaux, A.; Kromann, P.; Ortiz, O. Potatoes for sustainable global food security. Potato Res. 2014, 57, 185–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashir, M.K.; Ali, A.; Farrukh, M.U.; Alam, M. Estimation of economic and production efficiency of potato production in central Punjab, Pakistan. Custos E Agronegocio Line 2021, 17, 2–23. [Google Scholar]
- Majeed, A.; Muhammad, Z. Potato production in Pakistan: Challenges and prospective management strategies—A review. Pak. J. Bot 2018, 50, 2077–2084. [Google Scholar]
- Zaheer, K.; Akhtar, M.H. Potato production, usage, and nutrition—A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016, 56, 711–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adolf, B.; Andrade-Piedra, J.; Bittara Molina, F.; Przetakiewicz, J.; Hausladen, H.; Kromann, P.; Lees, A.; Lindqvist-Kreuze, H.; Perez, W.; Secor, G.A. Fungal, oomycete, and plasmodiophorid diseases of potato. In The Potato Crop: Its Agricultural, Nutritional and Social Contribution to Humankind; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 307–350. [Google Scholar]
- Akosah, Y.A.; Kostennikova, Z.S.; Lutfullin, M.T.; Lutfullina, G.F.; Afordoanyi, D.M.; Vologin, S.G.; Mardanova, A.M. Induced expression of CYP51a and HK1 genes associated with penconazole and fludioxonil resistance in the potato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, R.; Kang, L.; Addrah, M.E.; Zhang, J.; Xu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, W.; Liu, J.; Zhao, J. Potato wilt caused by co-infection of Fusarium spp. and Verticillium dahliae in potato plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2023, 165, 305–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okungbowa, F.; Shittu, H. Fusarium wilts: An overview. Environ. Res. J 2012, 6, 83–102. [Google Scholar]
- Radulesco, T.; Varoquaux, A.; Ranque, S.; Dessi, P.; Michel, J.; Cassagne, C. Maxillary fungus balls due to Fusarium proliferatum. J. Mycol. Méd. 2019, 29, 59–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caliskan, Z.C.; Karahan, G.; Koray, N.; Gokcinar, Y.; Gülmez, D.; Arikan-Akdagli, S.; Unal, S.; Uzun, O. Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis by Fusarium proliferatum/annulatum in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature. J. Med. Mycol. 2024, 34, 101461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dewan, M.M.; AL-Asadi, A.H.; AL-Abedy, A.N. New report of the pathogenic isolate of Fusarium solani isolated from Iraqi Potato tubers infected with Fusarium dry rot. Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 2020, 26, 78–82. [Google Scholar]
- Azil, N.; Stefańczyk, E.; Sobkowiak, S.; Chihat, S.; Boureghda, H.; Śliwka, J. Identification and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. associated with tuber dry rot and wilt of potato in Algeria. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2021, 159, 495–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, C.; Vyas, D. The trends in the evaluation of fusarium wilt of chickpea. In Diagnostics of Plant Diseases; Intech Open: London, UK, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Hami, A.; Rasool, R.S.; Khan, N.A.; Mansoor, S.; Mir, M.A.; Ahmed, N.; Masoodi, K.Z. Morpho-molecular identification and first report of Fusarium equiseti in causing chilli wilt from Kashmir (Northern Himalayas). Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 3610. [Google Scholar]
- Goswami, R.S.; Kistler, H.C. Heading for disaster: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2004, 5, 515–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goswami, R.S.; Dong, Y.; Punja, Z.K. Host range and mycotoxin production by Fusarium equiseti isolates originating from ginseng fields1. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2008, 30, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, P.E.; Horst, R.K.; Woltz, S.S. Fusarium Diseases of Ornamental Plants. In Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy; Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A., Cook, R.J., Eds.; The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park: Philadelphia, PA, USA; London, UK, 1981; pp. 121–128. [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong, G.; Armstrong, J.; Nelson, P.; Toussoun, T.; Cook, R. Fusarium: Diseases, biology and taxonomy. In Formae Speciales and Races of Fusarium Oxysporum Causing Wilt Diseases; Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1981; pp. 391–399. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon, T.R. Fusarium oxysporum and the Fusarium wilt syndrome. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2017, 55, 23–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Begum, H.A.; Ahmad, W.; Rafiq, N.; Ali, H.; Hussain, S.; Ali, B.; Ullah, I.; Baloch, I.A.; Khan, A. Exploring the pharmacological potential of Trametes hirsuta (White Rot Fungi): Analgesic, anti-Inflammatory, antispasmodic and antimicrobial activities. Pure Appl. Biol. 2023, 12, 1183–1193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghosal, D.; Datta, B. Molecular characterization of Secreted in Xylem 1 (Six1) gene of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Plant Pathol. 2024, 73, 1847–1858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gavrilova, O.; Orina, A.; Trubin, I.; Gagkaeva, T. Identification and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Fungi Associated with Dry Rot of Potato Tubers. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bayona, L.G.; Grajales, A.; Cárdenas, M.E.; Sierra, R.; Lozano, G.; Garavito, M.F.; de García, M.C.C.; Bernal, A.; Jiménez, P.; Restrepo, S. Isolation and characterization of two strains of Fusarium oxysporum causing potato dry rot in Solanum tuberosum in Colombia. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 2011, 28, 166–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akosah, Y.A.; Vologin, S.G.; Lutfullin, M.T.; Hadieva, G.F.; Scyganova, N.F.; Zamalieva, F.F.; Mardanova, A.M. Fusarium oxysporum strains from wilting potato plants: Potential causal agents of dry rot disease in potato tubers. Res. Crops 2021, 22, 49–53. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmad, S.; Yousaf, M.; Anjum, R.; Raza, W.; Rehman, M.A.; Ali, Y. Prevalence of Fusarium wilt of tomato in major tomato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Phytopathol. 2021, 10, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeeshan, M.; Mukhtar, T.; Inam-ul-Haq, M.; Asad, M.J. Incidence, characterization and pathogenic variability of Fusarium oxysporum in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Int. J. Phytopathol. 2023, 12, 19–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiers, M.; Edel-Hermann, V.; Chatot, C.; Le Hingrat, Y.; Alabouvette, C.; Steinberg, C. Potato soil-borne diseases. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2012, 32, 93–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, A.; Kumar, R. Management of seed-borne diseases: An integrated approach. In Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 717–745. [Google Scholar]
- Munyaneza, J.E.; Bizimungu, B. Management of potato pests and diseases in Africa. In Insect Pests of Potato; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 407–426. [Google Scholar]
- Pathak, V.N. Essentials of Plant Pathology; CABI Digital Library: Oxfordshire, UK, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Leslie, J.F.; Summerell, B.A. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Stewart, C., Jr.; Via, L.E. A rapid CTAB DNA isolation technique useful for RAPD fingerprinting and other PCR applications. 1993, 14, 748–50.
- White, T.J.; Bruns, T.; Lee, S.; Taylor, J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protoc. A Guide Methods Appl. 1990, 18, 315–322. [Google Scholar]
- Fuyao, S.; Tangwei, Z.; Yujun, X.; Chengcheng, D.; Deji, C.; Xiaojun, Y.; Xuelian, W.; Mduduzi, P.M.; Ademola, O.O.; Jianrong, S. Characterization of Fusarium species causing head blight of highland barley (qingke) in Tibet, China. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2024, 418, 110728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Donnell, K.; Kistler, H.C.; Cigelnik, E.; Ploetz, R.C. Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: Concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 2044–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Kumar, S. MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021, 38, 3022–3027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jukes, T.H.; Cantor, C.R. Evolution of protein molecules. Mamm. Protein Metab. 1969, 3, 21–132. [Google Scholar]
- Crous, P.; Sandoval-Denis, M.; Costa, M.; Groenewald, J.; Van Iperen, A.; Starink-Willemse, M.; Hernández-Restrepo, M.; Kandemir, H.; Ulaszewski, B.; De Boer, W. Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1. Fungal Syst. Evol. 2022, 9, 161–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Chen, M.; Gao, J.; Luo, M.; Wang, G. Identification of antagonistic fungi and their antifungal activities against aconite root rot pathogens. Plant Signal. Behav. 2023, 18, 2211852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Awad, N.E.; Kassem, H.A.; Hamed, M.A.; El-Feky, A.M.; Elnaggar, M.A.; Mahmoud, K.; Ali, M.A. Isolation and characterization of the bioactive metabolites from the soil derived fungus Trichoderma viride. Mycology 2018, 9, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, H.; Wu, N.; Jin, S.; Ahmed, T.; Wang, H.; Li, B.; Wu, X.; Bao, Y.; Liu, F.; Zhang, J.-Z. Identification of rice seed-derived Fusarium spp. and development of LAMP assay against Fusarium fujikuroi. Pathogens 2020, 10, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avila, C.F.; Moreira, G.M.; Nicolli, C.P.; Gomes, L.B.; Abreu, L.M.; Pfenning, L.H.; Haidukowski, M.; Moretti, A.; Logrieco, A.; Del Ponte, E.M. Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex associated with Brazilian rice: Phylogeny, morphology and toxigenic potential. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2019, 306, 108267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zemankoa, M.; Lebeda, A. Fusarium species, their taxonomy, variability and significance. Plant Prot. Sci. 2001, 37, 25–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arie, T. Fusarium diseases of cultivated plants, control, diagnosis, and molecular and genetic studies. J. Pestic. Sci. 2019, 44, 275–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zitter, T.A. Fusarium wilt of melon, a worldwide problem in temperate and tropical regions. In Proceedings of the I International Symposium on Cucurbits, Adana, Turkey, 20–23 May 1997; pp. 157–162. [Google Scholar]
- Inami, K.; Yoshioka, C.; Hirano, Y.; Kawabe, M.; Tsushima, S.; Teraoka, T.; Arie, T. Real-time PCR for differential determination of the tomato wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and its races. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 2010, 76, 116–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousa, T.; Farag, F.; Armanious, H.; Salem, A.; Galal, A. Fusarium Wilt of Sweet Potato Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas in Egypt. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. 2018, 46, 21–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, L.; Yang, C.; Yang, L.; Jin, M.; Wei, L. First report of fusarium equiseti causing fusarium wilt on potato (Solanum tuberosum) in China. Plant Dis. 2021, 105, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akbar, A.; Hussain, S.; Ullah, K.; Fahim, M.; Ali, G.S. Detection, virulence and genetic diversity of Fusarium species infecting tomato in Northern Pakistan. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0203613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharon, E.; Bar-Eyal, M.; Chet, I.; Herrera-Estrella, A.; Kleifeld, O.; Spiegel, Y. Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology 2001, 91, 687–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wells, H.D.; Bell, D.K.; Jaworski, C.A. Efficacy of Trichoderma Harzianum as a Biocontrol for Sclerotium Rolfsii; CABI Digital Library: Oxfordshire, UK, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Ommati, F.; Zaker, M.; Mohammadi, A. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of potato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi) by Trichoderma isolates under field condition and their effect on yield. J. Crop Prot. 2013, 2, 435–442. [Google Scholar]
Sample | Variety | Disease Severity | Number of Tubers | Tuber Skin Color |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kuroda | Severe | 13 | Red |
2 | AGB Red | Moderate | 38 | Red |
3 | AGB Pink | Severe | 10 | Red |
4 | AGB CH2 | Moderate | 8 | White |
T. harzianum | Percentage Growth Inhibition 1 | |
---|---|---|
Fusarium oxysporum | Fusarium equiseti | |
A | 54.96% ± 0.53 | 63.16% ± 0.71 |
B | 65.21% ± 0.47 | 73.68% ± 0.58 |
C | 55.27% ± 0.69 | 89.12% ± 0.83 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bibi, A.; Mubeen, F.; Rizwan, A.; Ullah, I.; Hammad, M.; Waqas, M.A.B.; Ikram, A.; Abbas, Z.; Halterman, D.; Saeed, N.A. Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701
Bibi A, Mubeen F, Rizwan A, Ullah I, Hammad M, Waqas MAB, Ikram A, Abbas Z, Halterman D, Saeed NA. Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(10):701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701
Chicago/Turabian StyleBibi, Arsh, Fathia Mubeen, Ali Rizwan, Irfan Ullah, Masooma Hammad, Muhammad Abu Bakar Waqas, Ayesha Ikram, Zaheer Abbas, Dennis Halterman, and Nasir Ahmad Saeed. 2024. "Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 10: 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701
APA StyleBibi, A., Mubeen, F., Rizwan, A., Ullah, I., Hammad, M., Waqas, M. A. B., Ikram, A., Abbas, Z., Halterman, D., & Saeed, N. A. (2024). Morpho-Molecular Identification of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium oxysporum Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan. Journal of Fungi, 10(10), 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100701