Analysis of 1840 Equine Intraocular Fluid Samples for the Presence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies and Leptospiral DNA and the Correlation to Ophthalmologic Findings in Terms of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)—A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search of Medical Records
2.2. Equine Patients
2.3. Intraocular Samples
2.4. Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Intraocular Samples
3.2. Clinical History
3.3. Ophthalmological Findings in ERU
3.4. Examination of Aqueous and Vitreous Samples: Detection of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies and PCR Results
3.4.1. MAT Titers in Intraocular Samples from Eyes Affected by ERU or Another Type of Uveitis, as Well as Healthy Eyes
3.4.2. Results of the In-House ELISA Using Intraocular Samples from Eyes Affected by ERU or Another Type of Uveitis, as Well as Healthy Eyes
3.4.3. PCR Results Using Intraocular Samples from Eyes Affected by ERU or Another Eye Disease, as Well as Healthy Eyes
3.5. Comparison of MAT, ELISA, and PCR
3.6. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Value
4. Discussion
- As mentioned above, the samples used in some studies were taken from blinded eyes, often even after enucleation [64,66,71]. When specimens from eyes that have already undergone significant atrophy or phthisis bulbi are examined, there is virtually no vitreous cavity left in which the infection can persist.
- The MAT titers considered “positive” vary in different studies and thus influence the results.
- The number of tests performed (and with MAT the number of serovars used) with the intraocular samples has an impact on the results, as in some cases only one of several antibody detections or only the PCR may be positive. The more laboratory diagnostics are invested in, the more reliable the detection of intraocular infection will be.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ERU (n = 1387) | Other Types of Uveitis (n = 237) | Healthy Eyes (n = 216) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAT | tested | 1387 | 237 | 216 |
≥1:100 | 1064 (83%) | 0 | 0 | |
1:25 or 1:50 1 | 106 | 1 | 0 | |
negative | 217 | 236 | 216 | |
PCR | tested | 945 | 210 | 213 |
positive | 679 (72%) | 0 | 1 (0.5%) | |
ELISA 2 | tested | 549 | 230 | 113 |
positive | 457 (83%) | 0 | 0 |
Vitreous Findings | Number | % | |
---|---|---|---|
vitreous opacity | none | 610 | 44% |
mild | 346 | 25% | |
moderate | 265 | 19% | |
severe | 166 | 12% | |
total | 1387 | 100% | |
vitreous floaters | none | 393 | 28% |
mild | 327 | 24% | |
moderate | 343 | 25% | |
severe | 324 | 23% | |
total | 1387 | 100% |
Laboratory Test | Sensitivity | Specificity | Positive Predictive Value | Negative Predictive Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
MAT | 83.1% | 100% | 100% | 49.9% |
PCR | 71.9% | 99.5% | 99.9% | 42.9% |
ELISA | 83.2% | 100% | 100% | 55.1% |
IgA | 82.1% | 100% | 100% | 53.6% |
IgG | 60.3% | 100% | 100% | 34.1% |
IgM | 22.6% | 100% | 100% | 21% |
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Geiger, T.; Gerhards, H.; Bjelica, B.; Mackenthun, E.; Wollanke, B. Analysis of 1840 Equine Intraocular Fluid Samples for the Presence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies and Leptospiral DNA and the Correlation to Ophthalmologic Findings in Terms of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)—A Retrospective Study. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080448
Geiger T, Gerhards H, Bjelica B, Mackenthun E, Wollanke B. Analysis of 1840 Equine Intraocular Fluid Samples for the Presence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies and Leptospiral DNA and the Correlation to Ophthalmologic Findings in Terms of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)—A Retrospective Study. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(8):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080448
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeiger, Tobias, Hartmut Gerhards, Bogdan Bjelica, Elke Mackenthun, and Bettina Wollanke. 2022. "Analysis of 1840 Equine Intraocular Fluid Samples for the Presence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies and Leptospiral DNA and the Correlation to Ophthalmologic Findings in Terms of Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)—A Retrospective Study" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080448