Characterization of Biofilm Producing Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. CoNS Isolates
2.2. Biofilm Formation Assay
2.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.4. Detection of Biofilm-Associated Genes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biofilm Formation Potential
3.2. Distribution of Biofilm-Associated Genes
3.3. Relationship between Biofilm-Associated Genes and Biofilm-Forming Ability
3.4. Relationship between MDR and Biofilm-Forming Ability
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Staphylococcus chromogenes (n = 65) | Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 46) | Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 17) | Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n = 11) | Staphylococcus simulans (n = 4) | Staphylococcus sciuri (n = 5) | Others 2 (n = 14) | Total (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biofilm formation(A490) 1 | ||||||||
Negative | 5 (7.7) c | 17 (37.0) a | 5 (29.4) a,b | 1 (9.1) b,c | 1 (25.0) a,b | 1 (20.0) a,b | 5 (35.7) a | 35 (21.6) |
Positive | 60 (92.3) a* | 29 (63.0) c* | 12 (70.6) c* | 10 (90.9) a,b* | 3 (75.0) b,c* | 4 (80.0) a,b,c* | 9 (64.3) c* | 127 (78.4) * |
Weak | 26 (40.0) cA | 18 (39.1) cA | 12 (70.6) a,bA | 5 (45.5) cA | 2 (50.0) b,cA | 4 (80.0) aA | 6 (42.9) c A | 73 (45.1) A |
Moderate | 18 (27.7) aB | 1 (2.2) b,cC | 0 (0.0) cB | 1 (9.1) b,cC | 1 (25.0) aB | 0 (0.0) cB | 2 (14.3) a,bB | 23 (14.2) B |
Strong | 16 (24.6) a,bB | 10 (21.7) a,bB | 0 (0.0) cB | 4 (36.4) aB | 0 (0.0) cC | 0 (0.0) cB | 1 (7.1) b,cC | 31 (19.1) B |
Biofilm-associated gene | ||||||||
None | 4 (6.2) b,cD | 2 (4.3) b,cD | 2 (11.8) a,bC | 1 (9.1) a,bC | 1 (25.0) aB | 0 (0.0) cC | 0 (0.0) cD | 10 (6.2) D |
aap | 20 (30.8) B,C | 15 (32.6) B,C | 3 (17.6) B,C | 4 (36.4) B,C | 1 (25.0) B | 1 (20.0) B | 5 (35.7) B,C | 49 (30.2) B,C |
atlE | 12 (18.5) C,D | 6 (13.0) C,D | 4 (23.5) B,C | 2 (18.2) C | 1 (25.0) B | 1 (20.0) B | 4 (28.6) C | 30 (18.5) C |
bap | 15 (23.1) b,cC,D | 17 (37.0) aB,C | 2 (11.8) cC | 3 (27.3) b,cB,C | 1 (25.0) b,cB | 0 (0.0) cC | 5 (35.7) a,bB,C | 43 (26.5) C |
embP | 14 (21.5) b,cC,D | 5 (10.9) b,cC,D | 3 (17.6) b,cB,C | 1 (9.1) cC | 1 (25.0) a,bB | 0 (0.0) cC | 6 (42.9) aB,C | 30 (18.5) C |
eno | 27 (41.5) cB,C | 38 (82.6) aA | 11 (64.7) a,bA | 9 (81.8) aA | 2 (50.0) b,cA | 4 (80.0) aA | 10 (71.4) a,bA | 101 (62.3) A |
fbe | 32 (49.2) a,bB,C | 25 (54.3) a,bB | 7 (41.2) b,cB | 3 (27.3) cB,C | 1 (25.0) cB | 3 (60.0) aB | 5 (35.7) b,cB,C | 76 (46.9) B |
icaA | 40 (61.5) aA | 15 (32.6) a,bB,C | 4 (23.5) b,cB,C | 0 (0.0) cD | 1 (25.0) b,cB | 1 (20.0) b,cB | 3 (21.4) b,cC | 64 (39.5) B,C |
Antimicrobial Resistance | Biofilm Producer | ||
---|---|---|---|
Strong or Moderate Biofilm Former (n = 54) | Weak Biofilm Former (n = 73) | Non-Former (n = 35) | |
Non-MDR | 10 (18.5) cB | 24 (32.9) bB | 28 (80.0) aA |
MDR | 44 (81.5) aA | 49 (67.1) bA | 7 (20.0) cB |
Biofilm-Associated Gene | Biofilm Producer | ||
---|---|---|---|
Strong or Moderate Biofilm Former (n = 54) | Weak Biofilm Former (n = 73) | Non-Former (n = 35) | |
None | 0 (0.0) bE | 6 (8.2) a,bD | 4 (11.4) aC,D |
aap | 28 (51.9) aA,B,C | 16 (21.9) bB,C | 5 (14.3) cC,D |
atlE | 18 (33.3) aC,D | 9 (12.3) bC,D | 3 (8.6) cD |
bap | 22 (40.7) aB,C,D | 16 (21.9) bB,C | 5 (14.3) cC,D |
embP | 12 (22.2) a,bD | 9 (12.3) bC,D | 9 (25.7) aB,C |
eno | 35 (64.8) a,bA | 38 (52.1) bA | 28 (80.0) aA |
fbe | 32 (59.3) aA,B | 28 (38.4) bA,B | 16 (45.7) a,bB |
icaA | 35 (64.8) aA | 24 (32.9) bA,B | 5 (14.3) cC,D |
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Lee, Y.J.; Lee, Y.J. Characterization of Biofilm Producing Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080430
Lee YJ, Lee YJ. Characterization of Biofilm Producing Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(8):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080430
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yu Jin, and Young Ju Lee. 2022. "Characterization of Biofilm Producing Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080430