The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Etiology of Nosema spp. Infection
3. Host Resistance of N. ceranae
4. Detection and Outcome of N. ceranae Infection
5. Current Insights on Treatment
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substance | Name | Efficacy | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Plant extracts | Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) | Inhibition of N. ceranae development | [129] |
Olea europaea (olive) | Inhibition of Nosema spp. development in larvae and adult bees | [130] | |
Oregano oil | 40% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [111] | |
Thymol | 41% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [111] | |
Nutraceuticals | Sulforaphane | 64% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [111] |
Naringenin | 49% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [111] | |
Carvacrol | 57% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [111] | |
Chitosan | >60% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [122] | |
Peptidoglycan | >60% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [122] | |
Probiotics | Bifidobacterium | 90% reduction of N. ceranae load and 47.7% reduction of infected bees | [112] |
Lactobacillus spp. | 90% reduction of N. ceranae load and 47.7% reduction of infected bees | [112] | |
Parasaccharibacter apium | 56.8% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [114] | |
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 | 68% reduction of N. ceranae spores | [110] | |
Other compounds | Propolis | 72% reduction of N. ceranae load in infected bees | [120] |
Veterinary drugs | Api-Bioxal® | 50% reduction of infected bees | [124] |
ApiHerb® | 50% reduction of infected bees | [124] |
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Marín-García, P.J.; Peyre, Y.; Ahuir-Baraja, A.E.; Garijo, M.M.; Llobat, L. The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030130
Marín-García PJ, Peyre Y, Ahuir-Baraja AE, Garijo MM, Llobat L. The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(3):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030130
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarín-García, Pablo Jesús, Yoorana Peyre, Ana Elena Ahuir-Baraja, María Magdalena Garijo, and Lola Llobat. 2022. "The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030130