Genetic Relatedness, Antibiotic Resistance, and Effect of Silver Nanoparticle on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens, Pigeons, Camels, and Human Consumers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Bacteriological Examination
2.3. Molecular Identification
2.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.5. Biofilm Formation
2.6. Anti-Biofilm Activity of AgNPs-H2O2
2.7. Genotyping
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Postmortem Examination of Intestinal Samples from Birds
3.2. Prevalence of C. perfringens in the Examined Samples
3.3. Toxinotyping of C. perfringens Isolates
3.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
3.5. Biofilm Formation
3.6. Anti-Biofilm Activity of AgNPs-H2O2
3.7. Genotyping
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Type of Sample | Number Examined | Number Positive | Genotyping | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cpa+ | cpe+ | cpb2+ | ||||
Chickens | Intestinal content | 50 | 10 (20%) | 10 | 0 | 9 (90%) |
Meat | 50 | 5 (10%) | 5 | 0 | 2 (40%) | |
Pigeons | Intestinal content | 30 | 20 (66.7%) | 20 | 0 | 4 (20%) |
Camels | Diarrheic feces | 50 | 9 (18%) | 9 | 3 (33.3%) | 7 (77.8%) |
Meat | 50 | 2 (4%) | 2 | 1 (50%) | 2 (100%) | |
Humans | Diarrheic stool | 100 | 4 (4%) | 4 | 2 (50%) | 4 (100%) |
Antibiotic Class | Antimicrobial Agent (Abbreviation) | S | R |
---|---|---|---|
Penicillins | Penicillin (PEN) | 9 (18%) | 41 (82%) |
Ampicillin (AMP) | 37 (74%) | 13 (26%) | |
β-lactamas | Amoxicillin (AMX) | 37 (74%) | 13 (26%) |
Ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM) | 37 (74%) | 13 (26%) | |
Lincosamides | Clindamycin (CLI) | 3 (6%) | 47 (94%) |
Nitroimidazole | Metronidazole (MTZ) | 43 (86%) | 7 (14%) |
Glycopeptides | Vancomycin (VAN) | 50 (100%) | 0 |
Carbapenems | Imipenem (IPM) | 25 (50%) | 25 (50%) |
Meropenem (MEM) | 22 (44%) | 28 (56%) | |
Phenolics | Chloramphenicole (CHL) | 3 (6%) | 47 (94%) |
Tetracyclines | Tetracycline (TET) | 27 (54%) | 23 (46%) |
Cephems | Cefotaxime (CTX) | 7 (14%) | 43 (86%) |
Cefoxitin (FOX) | 7 (14%) | 43 (86%) | |
Ceftriaxone (CRO) | 7 (14%) | 43 (86%) |
ID | Source | Virulence Profile | Biofilm Category | Resistance Pattern | MAR Index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cpa | cpe | cpb2 | |||||
CT1 | CT | + | - | + | W | PEN | - |
CT4 | CT | + | - | + | W | PEN | - |
CT7 | CT | + | - | + | W | PEN-MEM | - |
CT11 | CT | + | - | + | S | PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO * | 0.9 |
CT13 | CT | + | - | + | S | PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO * | 0.8 |
CT18 | CT | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.6 |
CT21 | CT | + | - | + | M | MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
CT25 | CT | + | - | + | M | PEN-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.5 |
CT29 | CT | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.6 |
CT48 | CT | + | - | - | M | CLI-CHL | - |
CM7 | CM | + | - | - | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.5 |
CM13 | CM | + | - | + | M | CLI-CLI-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.3 |
CM18 | CM | + | - | - | S | PEN-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO * | 0.7 |
CM25 | CM | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-CLI-CHL | 0.28 |
CM48 | CM | + | - | - | M | TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 04 |
PT1 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.5 |
PT2 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.5 |
PT3 | PT | + | - | + | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT4 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT5 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.6 |
PT6 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT8 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT11 | PT | + | - | - | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
PT12 | PT | + | - | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
PT14 | PT | + | - | - | M | TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT15 | PT | + | - | + | M | CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.3 |
PT16 | PT | + | - | + | M | CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.3 |
PT20 | PT | + | - | - | M | CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.3 |
PT21 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT22 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
PT26 | PT | + | - | - | M | IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
PT27 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-CLI-CHL | 0.2 |
PT28 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
PT29 | PT | + | - | - | M | PEN-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.5 |
PT30 | PT | + | - | - | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
CF8 | CF | + | - | + | M | PEN-CLI-CHL | 0.2 |
CF13 | CF | + | - | - | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.9 |
CF16 | CF | + | - | - | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
CF17 | CF | + | - | + | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
CF18 | CF | + | - | + | M | PEN-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.4 |
CF21 | CF | + | + | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
CF22 | CF | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
CF28 | CF | + | + | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
CF31 | CF | + | + | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
CA38 | CA | + | - | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.9 |
CA49 | CA | + | + | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.8 |
HU11 | HU | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
HU19 | HU | + | + | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.9 |
HU38 | HU | + | - | + | M | PEN-IPM-MEM-CLI-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO | 0.57 |
HU47 | HU | + | + | + | S | (PEN-AMP-AMX-SAM-IPM-MEM-TET-CLI-MTZ-CHL-CTX-FOX-CRO) * | 0.9 |
Isolate | Positive Control | Negative Control | AgNP Concentrations (µg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | |||
CT11 | ++++ | - | +++ | ++ | + | - |
CM18 | ++++ | - | +++ | ++ | + | - |
PT11 | ++++ | - | +++ | + | - | - |
CF13 | ++++ | - | +++ | ++ | + | - |
CA49 | ++++ | - | +++ | ++ | + | - |
HU19 | ++++ | - | +++ | ++ | + | - |
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Ahmed, H.A.; El Bayomi, R.M.; Hamed, R.I.; Mohsen, R.A.; El-Gohary, F.A.; Hefny, A.A.; Elkhawaga, E.; Tolba, H.M.N. Genetic Relatedness, Antibiotic Resistance, and Effect of Silver Nanoparticle on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens, Pigeons, Camels, and Human Consumers. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030109
Ahmed HA, El Bayomi RM, Hamed RI, Mohsen RA, El-Gohary FA, Hefny AA, Elkhawaga E, Tolba HMN. Genetic Relatedness, Antibiotic Resistance, and Effect of Silver Nanoparticle on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens, Pigeons, Camels, and Human Consumers. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(3):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030109
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Heba A., Rasha M. El Bayomi, Rehab I. Hamed, Rasha A. Mohsen, Fatma A. El-Gohary, Ahmed A. Hefny, Eman Elkhawaga, and Hala M. N. Tolba. 2022. "Genetic Relatedness, Antibiotic Resistance, and Effect of Silver Nanoparticle on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens, Pigeons, Camels, and Human Consumers" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030109