Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Extract Preparation
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis
2.3. Chemicals
2.4. Experimental Animals and Design
2.5. Samples Collection
2.6. Biochemical Analysis
2.6.1. Serum Liver and Kidney Markers
2.6.2. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers
2.6.3. Serum Immunoglobulin, C-Reactive Proteins (CRP) and Cytokines
2.7. Histopathological Examination
2.8. Immunohistochemistry
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Components of Cinnamon Aqueous Extract
3.2. Serum Hepatic and Renal Injury Biomarkers
3.3. Hepatic and Renal Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers
3.4. Serum Immunoglobulin, C-Reactive Poteins (CRP) and Cytokines
3.5. Histopathological Assessments
3.5.1. Liver Histopathology
3.5.2. Kidney Histopathology
3.6. Immunohistochemical Findings
3.6.1. Liver IHC
3.6.2. Kidney IHC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Cin | Cinnamon, |
DFS | Diclofenic sodium, |
OTC | Oxytetracycline, |
AST | Aspartate transferase, |
ALT | Alanine transferase, |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase, |
CAT | Catalase, |
GSH | Reduced glutathione, |
MDA | Malondialdehyde, |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase, |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor alpha, |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β, |
IL-10 | Interleukin-10, |
IL-12 | Interleukin-12. |
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Phytochemical Constituent | Cinnamon Aqueous Extract |
---|---|
Total Phenols (mg GAE/mL) | 10.45 ± 1.12 |
Flavonoids (mg CE/mL) | 4.76 ± 0.43 |
Tannins (mg GAE/mL) | 2.51 ± 0.27 |
IC50 (mg/mL, DPPH) | 43.58 ± 3.44 |
Experimental Groups | ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | ALP (U/L) | TP (g/dL) | Albumin (g/dL) | Globulin (g/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 31.45 ± 1.07 e | 48.26 ± 2.18 f | 383.08 ± 2.97 a | 6.44 ± 0.12 a | 3.61 ± 0.20 a | 2.84 ± 0.28 a |
Cin | 33.29 ± 0.50 e | 50.59 ± 1.03 f | 380.03 ± 2.68 a | 6.57 ± 0.16 a | 3.54 ± 0.05 a | 3.03 ± 0.13 a |
DFS | 71.95 ± 1.26 b | 83.21 ± 2.35 c | 483.11 ± 2.43 b | 3.99 ± 0.12 d | 2.85 ± 0.29 b | 1.13 ± 0.39 bc |
OTC | 66.719 ± 0.98 c | 81.70 ± 2.09 c | 443.62 ± 5.73 c | 5.61 ± 0.23 b | 3.12 ± 0.26 ab | 2.49 ± 0.27 a |
DFS + OTC | 85.61 ± 1.96 a | 105.53 ± 1.95 a | 521.63 ± 2.48 a | 3.01 ± 0.17 e | 2.67 ± 0.07 b | 0.41 ± 0.16 c |
Cin + DFS | 55.07 ± 1.94 d | 74.55 ± 2.39 d | 448.65 ± 4.64 c | 4.51 ± 0.19 c | 2.99 ± 0.15 b | 1.52 ± 0.25 b |
Cin + OTC | 51.78 ± 2.08 d | 67.61 ± 0.70 e | 418.72 ± 3.06 d | 5.69 ± 0.08 b | 3.16 ± 0.07 ab | 2.53 ± 0.06 a |
Cin + DFS + OTC | 73.17 ± 1.94 b | 97.26 ± 0.67 b | 485.43 ± 3.50 b | 3.40 ± 0.20 e | 2.68 ± 0.08 b | 0.73 ± 0.26 c |
Experimental Groups | Urea (mg/dL) | Creatinine (mg/dL) | Uric Acid (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 52.25 ± 1.31 e | 0.48 ± 0.02 e | 2.74 ± 0.20 e |
Cin | 51.57 ± 1.19 e | 0.49 ± 0.04 e | 2.66 ± 0.23 e |
DFS | 80.00 ± 2.35 b | 0.76 ± 0.01 c | 6.20 ± 0.26 b |
OTC | 73.51 ± 2.72 c | 0.69 ± 0.02 d | 4.91 ± 0.43 c |
DFS + OTC | 90.57 ± 1.71 a | 0.98 ± 0.01 a | 8.86 ± 0.20 a |
Cin + DFS | 71.23 ± 1.70 c | 0.68 ± 0.02 d | 4.38 ± 0.41 cd |
Cin + OTC | 60.25 ± 4.05 d | 0.66 ± 0.01 d | 3.91 ± 0.27 d |
Cin + DFS + OTC | 83.75 ± 0.85 b | 0.84 ± 0.02 b | 6.24 ± 0.43 b |
Experimental Groups | MDA (nmol/g. Tissue) | NO (µmol/g. Tissue) | GSH (mg/g. Tissue) | SOD (U/g. Tissue) | Catalase (U/g. Tissue) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 53.24 ± 1.11 e | 33.53 ± 0.61 e | 6.46 ± 0.35 b | 435.02 ± 1.47 b | 2.42 ± 0.23 a |
Cin | 42.11 ± 1.42 f | 35.71 ± 1.67 e | 9.41 ± 0.28 a | 470.92 ± 3.34 a | 2.32 ± 0.34 a |
DFS | 87.36 ± 1.71 b | 47.47 ± 1.79 c | 3.25 ± 0.05 d | 402.58 ± 2.51 e | 1.14 ± 0.05 c |
OTC | 71.83 ± 2.85 c | 41.98 ± 1.02 d | 3.81 ± 0.31 d | 410.75 ± 0.80 cd | 1.43 ± 0.21 bc |
DFS +OTC | 97.06±1.01 a | 64.96±2.67 a | 1.89±0.35 f | 374.42±2.20 g | 0.59±0.07 d |
Cin+DFS | 75.71±2.75 c | 40.37±1.72 d | 4.11±0.05 c | 409.17±0.98 d | 1.78±0.09 b |
Cin+OTC | 63.52±1.21 d | 36.80 ± 0.89 e | 4.82 ± 0.14 c | 415.58 ± 0.84 c | 1.51 ± 0.19 bc |
Cin + DFS + OTC | 85.86 ± 0.97 b | 55.17 ± 1.29 b | 2.56 ±0.24 e | 391.25 ± 1.73 f | 0.66 ± 0.15 d |
Experimental Groups | MDA (nmol/g. Tissue) | NO (µmol/g. Tissue) | GSH (mg/g. Tissue) | SOD (U/g. Tissue) | Catalase (U/g. Tissue) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 38.38 ± 1.31 e | 37.87 ± 0.17 d | 5.22 ± 0.12 b | 365.58 ± 3.96 a | 1.42± 0.06 a |
Cin | 30.01 ± 2.80 f | 34.39 ± 2.24 d | 7.94 ± 0.78 a | 372.19 ± 2.08 a | 1.62 ± 0.12 a |
DFS | 68.79 ± 1.89 b | 58.96 ± 1.94 b | 2.75 ± 0.33 de | 333.21 ± 5.44 c | 1.15 ± 0.04 cd |
OTC | 57.91 ± 1.53 c | 50.72 ± 2.72 c | 4.35 ± 0.13 c | 342.15 ± 2.16 b | 1.33 ± 0.04 bc |
DFS + OTC | 78.59 ± 1.49 a | 76.21 ± 1.59 a | 2.32 ± 0.37 e | 326.51 ± 2.47 c | 0.67± 0.08 e |
Cin + DFS | 59.79 ± 2.18 c | 51.37 ± 3.09 c | 3.72 ± 0.36 d | 339.79 ± 0.87 b | 1.17 ± 0.09 cd |
Cin + OTC | 51.17 ± 1.00 d | 44.92 ± 1.40 c | 4.87 ± 0.45 bc | 344.08 ± 2.38 b | 1.27 ± 0.06 bc |
Cin + DFS + OTC | 38.38 ± 1.31 e | 63.89 ± 2.36 b | 2.69 ± 0.21 de | 332.38 ± 1.89 c | 0.93 ± 0.09 d |
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Elshopakey, G.E.; Elazab, S.T. Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010009
Elshopakey GE, Elazab ST. Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshopakey, Gehad E., and Sara T. Elazab. 2021. "Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010009