Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Clearance
2.2. Animals
2.3. Locations
2.4. Parasites Collection and Identifications
2.5. Farmers Questionnaire
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results
3.2. Lice Infestation
3.3. Mange Infestation
3.4. Tick Infestation
3.5. Flea Infestation
3.6. Farmers’ Knowledge and Practices to Ectoparasites Cases in Boyolali
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infestations | Goat (n = 537) | Sheep (n = 114) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | |
Mite | 6.30 | 4.27–8.40 | - | - |
Tick | 4.30 | 2.57–6.00 | - | - |
Lice | 97.40 | 96.04–98.74 | 100.0 | 100.00 |
Flea | 0.20 | 0.00–1.03−018–055 | - | - |
Overall | 97.4 | 96.04–98.74 | 100.0 | 100.00 |
Breed | n | Ectoparasite | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mite | Tick | Lice | Flea | Total | |||||||
Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | ||
Goat | |||||||||||
Boer | 2 | 1 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Jawarandu | 375 | 29 | 7.7 | 23 | 6.1 | 361 | 96.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 361 | 96.3 |
Boer × Jawarandu | 81 | 2 | 2.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 81 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 81 | 100.0 |
Ettawa crossbred | 37 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 | 100.0 |
Saanen | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 |
Sapera | 36 | 2 | 5.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 100.0 |
Total | 537 | 34 | 6.3 | 23 | 4.3 | 523 | 97.4 | 1 | 0.2 | 523 | 97.4 |
Sheep | |||||||||||
Merino | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 |
Thin-tailed | 102 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 102 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 102 | 100.0 |
Total | 114 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 114 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 114 | 100.0 |
Overall | 651 | 34 | 5.2 | 23 | 3.5 | 637 | 97.8 | 1 | 0.2 | 637 | 97.8 |
Study Area (Subdistrict) | n | Ectoparasite | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mite | Tick | Lice | Flea | Overall | |||||||
Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | Positive (n) | % | ||
Boyolali | 155 | 2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 155 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 155 | 100.0 |
Cepogo | 30 | 2 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 30 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 30 | 100.0 |
Ngemplak | 63 | 5 | 7.9 | 7 | 11.1 | 63 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 63 | 100.0 |
Karanggede | 38 | 2 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 38 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 38 | 100.0 |
Klego | 7 | 3 | 42.9 | 7 | 100.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 |
Musuk | 31 | 6 | 19.4 | 9 | 29.0 | 17 | 54.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 | 54.8 |
Mojosongo | 111 | 3 | 2.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 111 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 111 | 100.0 |
Nogosari | 117 | 9 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 117 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 117 | 100.0 |
Teras | 99 | 2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 99 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 99 | 100.0 |
Overall | 651 | 34 | 5.2 | 23 | 3.5 | 637 | 97.8 | 1 | 0.2 | 637 | 97.8 |
Ectoparasites | Age | p Value | Sex | p Value | Housing Type | p Value | Management System | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<2 Years | >2 Years | Male | Female | Individu | Flock | Grazing | Non-Grazing | |||||
(n = 372) | (n = 279) | (n = 64) | (n = 586) | (n = 102) | (n = 549) | (n = 38) | (n = 613) | |||||
Mite | 20 (5.4%) | 14 (5.0%) | >0.05 | 6 (9.4%) | 28 (4.8%) | >0.05 | 8 (7.8%) | 26 (4.7%) | >0.05 | 2 (5.3%) | 32 (5.3%) | >0.05 |
Tick | 10 (2.7%) | 13 (4.7%) | >0.05 | 5 (7.8%) | 18 (3.1) | >0.05 | 6 (5.9%) | 17 (3.1%) | >0.05 | 0 (0.0%) | 23 (3.8%) | >0.05 |
Lice | 364 (97.8%) | 273 (97.8%) | >0.05 | 64 (100.0%) | 572 (97.6%) | >0.05 | 102 (100.0%) | 535 (97.4%) | >0.05 | 38 (100.0%) | 599 (97.7%) | >0.05 |
Flea | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.05 | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.05 | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.05 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | >0.05 |
Overall | 364 (97.8%) | 273 (97.8%) | >0.05 | 64 (100.0%) | 572 (97.6%) | >0.05 | 102 (100.0%) | 535 (97.4%) | >0.05 | 38 (100.0%) | 599 (97.7%) | >0.05 |
Variable | Category | No. of Response (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 89.7 |
Female | 10.3 | |
Ages | 18–35 | 12.8 |
36–45 | 23.1 | |
>46 | 64.1 | |
Education | No formal education | 0 |
Elementary school (6 years) | 23.1 | |
Junior high school (9 years) | 2.6 | |
Senior high school (12 years) | 48.7 | |
High education (university level) | 25.6 | |
Total small ruminants | 1–10 | 64.1 |
11–50 | 23.1 | |
51–100 | 12.8 | |
Ectoparasites knowledge | Flea | 2.6 |
Lice | 66.7 | |
Tick | 15.4 | |
Mite | 43.6 | |
Don’t know | 20.5 | |
Predilection site of ectoparasites mostly observed | Ear | 7.7 |
Thigh | 0.5 | |
Brisket | 0.6 | |
Ventral abdomen | 0.3 | |
Axilary region | 0.3 | |
Leg | 0.6 | |
Scrotum | 0.1 | |
Dorsal body part | 76.2 | |
Face | 25.5 | |
Tail | 0.3 | |
Knowledge of zoonotic potential | Know | 20.5 |
Don’t know | 79.5 | |
Acaricides treatment | Yes, pour on powder | 0 |
Yes, topical ointment | 2.6 | |
Yes, spray | 5.1 | |
Yes, injection by local veterinarian | 41.1 | |
Repetitive treatments by injection | <4 times scheduled injection by local veterinarian | 68.75 |
>4 times scheduled injection by local veterinarian | 31.25 | |
Repetitive treatments by pour on acaricides | <4 times self-treatment | 33.3 |
>4 times self-treatment | 66.7 |
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Insyari’ati, T.; Hamid, P.H.; Rahayu, E.T.; Sugar, D.L.; Rahma, N.N.; Kusumarini, S.; Kurnianto, H.; Wardhana, A.H. Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040162
Insyari’ati T, Hamid PH, Rahayu ET, Sugar DL, Rahma NN, Kusumarini S, Kurnianto H, Wardhana AH. Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(4):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040162
Chicago/Turabian StyleInsyari’ati, Titis, Penny Humaidah Hamid, Endang Tri Rahayu, Diah Lutfiah Sugar, Nadya Nurvita Rahma, Shelly Kusumarini, Heri Kurnianto, and April Hari Wardhana. 2024. "Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 4: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040162
APA StyleInsyari’ati, T., Hamid, P. H., Rahayu, E. T., Sugar, D. L., Rahma, N. N., Kusumarini, S., Kurnianto, H., & Wardhana, A. H. (2024). Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Veterinary Sciences, 11(4), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040162