Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source Population, Study Population and Study Sample
2.2. Sample Collection and Laboratory Analyses
2.2.1. Microbial Cultures
2.2.2. Cytology
2.3. Data Analyses
2.3.1. Outcomes and Explanatory Variables
2.3.2. Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates
Effects of Day-to-Day Variation and Mare- and Premises Characteristics on the Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates
Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates by Year of Submission, Age of the Mare and Inflammatory Response
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates
3.3. Effects of Day-to-Day Variation and Mare and Premises Characteristics on the Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates
3.4. Prevalence of Endometrial Isolates stratified by Year of Sampling, Mare Age, and Inflammatory Response
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year of Sampling | Number of Samples Submitted | Number of Mares Sampled | Number of Samples with Microbial Growth | Percentage (95% CI) of Samples with Microbial Growth |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2621 | 1413 | 707 | 27.0 (25.3–28.7) |
2015 | 2500 | 1365 | 725 | 29.0 (27.2–30.8) |
2016 | 2684 | 1447 | 886 | 33.0 (31.2–34.8) |
2017 | 2633 | 1444 | 919 | 34.9 (33.1–36.7) |
2018 | 2936 | 1709 | 817 | 27.8 (26.2–29.5) |
2019 | 2862 | 1593 | 901 | 31.5 (29.8–33.2) |
2020 | 2760 | 1518 | 830 | 30.1 (28.4–31.8) |
Total | 18,996 | 6050 | 5785 | 30.5 (29.8–31.1) |
Microorganism Isolated | Frequency | Percentage | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
β-hemolytic Streptococcus | 3738 | 52.4 | (51.2–53.5) |
Escherichia coli | 1842 | 25.8 | (24.8–26.8) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 441 | 6.2 | (5.6–6.7) |
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus | 391 | 5.5 | (5.0–6.0) |
α-hemolytic Streptococcus | 308 | 4.3 | (3.8–4.8) |
Actinobacillus species | 133 | 1.9 | (1.6–2.2) |
Enterococcus faecalis | 50 | 0.7 | (0.5–0.9) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 43 | 0.6 | (0.4–0.8) |
Acinetobacter species | 29 | 0.4 | (0.3–0.6) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 27 | 0.4 | (0.2–0.5) |
Bacillus species | 27 | 0.4 | (0.2–0.5) |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 22 | 0.3 | (0.2–0.4) |
Enterococcus species | 16 | 0.2 | (0.1–0.3) |
Proteus species | 14 | 0.2 | (0.1–0.3) |
Pasteurella species | 10 | 0.2 | (0.0–0.2) |
Enterobacter species | 6 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) |
Pantoea agglomerans | 6 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | 5 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.2) |
Corynebacterium species | 4 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.1) |
Enterobacter agglomerans | 4 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.1) |
Non-hemolytic Streptococcus | 4 | 0.1 | (0.0–0.1) |
Mucor species | 3 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 2 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Kluyvera species | 2 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Pseudomonas stutzeri | 2 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Achromobacter species | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Burkholderia cepacian | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Enterobacter cloacae | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Fungus | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Pseudomonas putida | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Pseudomonas species | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Weeksella virosa | 1 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.1) |
Total | 7138 | 100% | - |
Cytology Result | Microbial Growth (%: 95% Confidence Interval) | Isolates (%: 95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Swabs | No | Yes | Monocultures (1 Isolate) | Mixed Cultures (>1 Isolate) | |
0 (No PMN) | 14,440 | 10,707 (74.1: 73.4–74.9) | 3733 (25.9: 25.1–26.6) | 2941 (78.8: 77.4–80.1) | 792 (21.2: 19.9–22.6) |
+/− (≤0.5% PMN) | 1829 | 1110 (60.7: 58.4–62.9) | 719 (39.3: 37.1–41.6) | 562 (78.2: 75.0–81.0) | 157 (21.8: 19.0–25.1) |
1+ (>0.5–5% PMN) | 733 | 361 (49.3: 45.6–52.9) | 372 (50.8:47.1–54.4) | 295 (79.3: 74.9–83.1) | 77 (20.7: 16.9–25.1) |
2+ (>5–30% PMN) | 462 | 127 (27.5: 23.6–31.7) | 335 (72.5: 68.3–76.4) | 268 (80.0: 75.4–83.9) | 67 (20.0: 6.1–24.6) |
3+ (>30% PMN) | 474 | 104 (21.9: 18.4–25.9) | 370 (78.1: 74.1–81.6) | 305 (82.4: 78.2–86.0) | 65 (17.6: 14.0–21.8) |
Total | 17,938 | 12,409 (69.2: 68.5–69.8) | 5529 (30.8: 30.1–31.5) | 4371 (79.1: 78.0–80.1) | 1158 (20.9: 19.9–22.0) |
Isolate | Total | Monoculture (%: 95% Confidence Interval) | Mixed Culture (%: 95% Confidence Interval) |
---|---|---|---|
Any type of isolate | 5785 | 4577 (79.1: 78.0–80.1) | 1208 (20.9: 19.8–21.9) |
β-hemolytic Streptococcus | 3738 | 2700 (72.2: 70.1–73.6) | 1038 (27.8: 26.3–29.2) |
Escherichia coli | 1842 | 1192 (64.7: 62.5–66.9) | 650 (35.3: 33.1–37.5) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 441 | 151 (34.2: 30.0–38.8) | 290 (65.8: 61.2–70.0) |
α-hemolytic Streptococcus | 308 | 131 (42.5: 37.1–48.1) | 177 (57.5: 51.9–62.9) |
Isolate | Marginal Predicted Probability (95% CI) | Variance Partitioning by Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Farm | Mare | Sample/Isolate | ||
Any type of isolate | 35.5 (33.0–37.9) | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.17 |
β-hemolytic Streptococcus | 17.9 (16.8–19.0) | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.51 |
Escherichia coli | 10.3 (9.0–11.6) | 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.10 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 2.0 (1.6–2.3) | 0.22 | 0.75 | 0.03 |
α-hemolytic Streptococcus | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.02 | 0.95 | 0.03 |
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Mouncey, R.; Arango-Sabogal, J.C.; Rathbone, P.; Scott, C.J.; de Mestre, A.M. Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020082
Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, Rathbone P, Scott CJ, de Mestre AM. Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(2):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020082
Chicago/Turabian StyleMouncey, Rebecca, Juan Carlos Arango-Sabogal, Polly Rathbone, Camilla J. Scott, and Amanda M. de Mestre. 2024. "Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 2: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020082