Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Diagnosis
2.3. RR, SpO2, and Various Blood Tests
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RR
3.2. SpO2
3.3. CBC
3.4. Blood Gas Analysis
3.5. CRP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anatomical Sites and Final Diagnosis | Number of Dogs in GC (%) | Number of Dogs in GA (%) |
---|---|---|
Total | 704 | 682 |
Nasal cavity | 146 (20.7%) | 26 (3.7%) |
Non-infectious rhinitis | 56 (8.0%) | 0 |
Neoplasia | 47 (6.7%) | 1 (0.1%) |
Foreign body | 21 (2.9%) | 0 |
Rhinitis secondary to dental disease | 16 (2.3%) | 0 |
Fungal rhinitis | 5 (0.7%) | 0 |
Rhinitis (cause unknown) * | 0 | 22 (3.2%) |
Other diseases | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.4%) |
Laryngopharynx † | 195 (27.7%) | 96 (14.1%) |
BOAS | 98 (13.9%) | 2 (0.3%) |
Laryngopharyngitis | 16 (2.3%) | 45 (6.6%) |
Upper airway obstruction (cause unknown) | 0 | 35 (5.1%) |
Laryngeal paralysis | 28 (4.0%) | 5 (0.8%) |
Laryngeal collapse | 13 (1.8%) | 0 |
Other diseases | 40 (5.7%) | 9 (1.3%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 277 (39.3%) | 100 (14.7%) |
Tracheobronchial collapse | 135 (19.2%) | 34 (5.0%) |
Chronic bronchitis | 120 (17.0%) | 0 |
Bronchitis | 0 | 53 (7.8%) |
Bronchiectasis | 10 (1.4%) | 1 (0.1%) |
Infectious bronchitis | 7 (1.0%) | 12 (1.8%) |
Other diseases | 5 (0.7%) | 0 |
Lung | 77 (10.9%) | 418 (61.3%) |
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema | 0 | 172 (25.2%) |
Pneumonia (cause unknown) * | 0 | 83 (12.2%) |
Aspiration pneumonia | 19 (2.7%) | 66 (9.7%) |
Bronchopneumonia | 6 (0.9%) | 29 (4.2%) |
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema | 1 (0.1%) | 28 (4.1%) |
Lung masses | 25 (3.6%) | 10 (1.5%) |
Interstitial lung disease | 18 (2.5%) | 2 (0.3%) |
Other diseases | 8 (1.1%) | 28 (4.1%) |
Mediastinum/pleural Cavity | 9 (1.4%) | 42 (6.2%) |
Pericardial effusion | 0 | 11 (1.6%) |
Pleural effusion | 3 (0.5%) | 6 (0.8%) |
Anterior mediastinum tumor | 4 (0.6%) | 2 (0.3%) |
Pulmonary hypertension | 0 | 5 (0.7%) |
Other diseases | 2 (0.3%) | 19 (2.8%) |
Median Value (Range) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | Total | Nasal Cavity | Pharynx | Larynx | Trachea/Bronchi | Lung | Mediastinum/Pleural Cavity |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 36 (12–150) | 32 (20–88) | 32 (12–120) | 32 (16–120) | 36 (20–150) | 43 (18–150) | 36 (24–56) |
SpO2 (%) | 98 (80–100) | 99 (93–100) | 98 (90–100) | 98 (83–100) | 98 (90–100) | 97 (80–100) | 98 (95–100) |
CBC | |||||||
Red blood cell (/μL) | 6.79 × 106 (2.70–10.09) | 6.97 × 106 (2.99–9.67) | 6.64 × 106 (3.62–8.67) | 6.72 × 106 (2.70–8.72) | 6.85 × 106 (4.60–10.09) | 6.34 × 106 (4.54–9.83) | 6.62 × 106 (3.34–7.98) |
Hematocrit (%) | 46.9 (21.9–64.0) | 47.5 (23.1–62.8) | 47.7 (26–61.7) | 47.1 (33.5–59.5) | 46.9 (32.0–60.9) | 45.2 (29.7–64.0) | 44.9 (21.9–54.5) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.8 (6.8–70.2) | 16.2 (7.3–70.2) | 15.9 (8.6–21.3) | 16.2 (10.9–21.0) | 15.8 (9.8–23.4) | 15.1 (9.5–21.6) | 15.3 (6.8–18.1) |
White blood cell (/μL) | 11,650 (2400–101,100) | 12,200 (4800–52,000) | 10,800 (4400–25,400) | 9600 (4400–34,600) | 11,300 (2400–47,500) | 15,050 (3800–101,100) | 17,150 (10,700–34,600) |
Segmented neutrophil (/μL) | 11,822 (1154–92,507) | 10,875 (1154–46,810) | 9792 (3476–23,368) | 8298 (3276–32,752) | 11,700 (2204–43,225) | 15,096 (5976–92,507) | 12,060 (11,822–32,752) |
Platelet (/μL) | 423 × 103 (9–1430) | 415 × 103 (41.4–1195) | 423 × 103 (64.2–810) | 442 × 103 (88–902) | 408 × 103 (9–1430) | 453 × 103 (34–1280) | 452 × 103 (290–720) |
Blood gas analysis | |||||||
pH | 7.42 (7.17–7.55) | 7.43 (7.35–7.55) | 7.40 (7.17–7.51) | 7.42 (7.17–7.54) | 7.42 (7.26–7.54) | 7.42 (7.33–7.54) | 7.46 (7.36–7.50) |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 38 (18–72) | 35.5 (19–52) | 41 (19–72) | 38 (22–72) | 37 (18–68) | 39 (27–48) | 35 (30–47) |
HCO3 (mmol/L) | 24.2 (14.4–40.0) | 23.5 (15.9–35.9) | 25.1 (15.2–36.4) | 23.6 (18.4–40.0) | 24.2 (14.4–38.7) | 25.2 (16.0–33.5) | 23.9 (21.3–26.8) |
BE (mmol/L) | −0.4 (−11.4–14.1) | −1.1 (−8–13.2) | 0.3 (−7.8–11.8) | −0.4 (−7.2–13.2) | −0.6 (−11.4–14.1) | 0.8 (−9.1–10.6) | 0.3 (−2.5–3.3) |
CRP (μg/mL) | 0.47 (0–16.56) | 0.57 (0–10.39) | 0.22 (0.04–8.33) | 0.29 (0–13.4) | 0.43 (0–14.61) | 0.82 (0.02–16.56) | 1.67 (0.11–8.96) |
GA | Total | Nasal Cavity | Laryngopharynx | Trachea/Bronchi | Lung | Mediastinum/Pleural Cavity | |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 60 (9–216) | 36 (9–216) | 43 (9–72) | 42 (20–132) | 70 (12–216) | 42 (20–138) | |
SpO2 (%) | 93 (60–100) | 96 (60–100) | 97 (75–100) | 96 (71–100) | 91 (60–100) | 95 (80–100) | |
CBC | |||||||
Red blood cell (/μL) | 6.92 × 106 (2.62–11.65) | 6.98 × 106 (3.09–10.68) | 6.99 × 106 (3.38–9.46) | 7.03 × 106 (3.90–10.35) | 6.92 × 106 (2.62–11.65) | 6.38 × 106 (3.01–10.57) | |
Hematocrit (%) | 45.6 (16.8–73.7) | 45.4 (21.7–73.5) | 47.1 (26.4–65.0) | 46.3 (24.3–64.0) | 45.6 (16.8–73.7) | 42.1 (22.6–67.3) | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.6 (5.7–25.7) | 15.6 (7.3–24.4) | 16.2 (8.8–22.8) | 15.7 (8.1–21.4) | 15.6 (5.7–25.7) | 14.8 (7.5–22.8) | |
White blood cell (/μL) | 15,300 (840–73,000) | 18,150 (5900–42,400) | 12,100 (840–56,500) | 12,650 (4100–44,500) | 16,400 (1200–60,000) | 16,350 (7400–73,000) | |
Segmented neutrophil (/μL) | 15,747 (516–68,620) | 19,888 (4968–24,055) | 14,233 (2408–50,850) | 11,340 (3034–32,930) | 16,544 (516–54,126) | 13,689 (6992–68,620) | |
Platelet (/μL) | 436 × 103 (0–1330) | 514 × 103 (216–716) | 383 × 103 (115–947) | 404 × 103 (115–857) | 455 × 103 (0–1330) | 342 × 103 (51–887) | |
Blood gas analysis (Vein) | |||||||
pH | 7.35 (6.80–7.59) | 7.41 (7.29–7.49) | 7.33 (7.13–7.47) | 7.38 (7.13–7.50) | 7.34 (6.80–7.59) | 7.35 (6.95–7.56) | |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 44 (20–139) | 30 (28–31) | 44 (26–72) | 43 (27–90) | 44 (21–139) | 41 (20–59) | |
HCO3 (mmol/L) | 22.6 (8.3–42.5) | 19.3 (13.5–22.1) | 23.2 (13.7–29.5) | 24.7 (16.7–31.2) | 23.7 (12.1–42.5) | 23.4 (8.3–31.3) | |
BE (mmol/L) | −2.4 (−21.0–16.9) | −5.5 (−13.1–1.2) | −2.0 (−12.7–4.2) | −0.4 (−9.7–7.0) | −2.1 (−21.0–16.9) | −1.6 (−20.9–7.6) | |
CRP (μg/mL) | 2.1 (0–21.0) | 2.7 (0.3–7.0) | 1.4 (0.3–12.0) | 0.9 (0.3–12.0) | 2.6 (0–21.0) | 2.3 (0.3–7.0) |
Inspection Item | Median Value (Range) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
GC | Interstitial Lung Disease | Lung Mass | Aspiration Pneumonia | Bronchopneumonia |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 50 (20–150) | 44 (20–72) | 40 (32–120) | 60 (56–61) |
SpO2 (%) | 91 (83–100) | 98 (90–100) | 96 (80–100) | 97 (90–98) |
White blood cell (/μL) | 15,600 (8400–50,800) | 14,500 (3800–101,100) | 15,300 (6300–29,700) | 22,400 (14,600–36,000) |
Segmented neutrophil (/μL) | 16,248 (7189–52,490) | 12,994 (5976–92,507) | 17,436 (10,777–27,027) | 19,712 (12,647–32,400) |
Blood gas analysis | ||||
pH | 7.43 (7.38–7.49) | 7.41 (7.34–7.50) | 7.42 (7.33–7.52) | 7.39 (7.35–7.54) |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 39 (29–46) | 35 (27–41) | 42 (36–48) | 35.5 (31–40) |
HCO3 (mmol/L) | 26.5 (18.0–32.0) | 22.4 (16.0–27.8) | 26.3 (19.0–33.5) | 22.5 (20.1–26.5) |
BE (mmol/L) | 2.3 (−6.8–8.0) | −1.8 (−9.1–3.6) | 1.5 (−6.9–10.6) | −2.7 (−5.0–4.0) |
CRP (μg/mL) | 0.64 (0.02–5.65) | 1.14 (0.05–10.92) | 0.71 (0.20–15.05) | 4.85 (1.19–16.56) |
GA | Bronchopneumonia | Aspiration Pneumonia | Pulmonary Edema | |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 60 (9–216) | 36 (9–216) | 43 (9–72) | |
SpO2 (%) | 90 (67–99) | 91 (67–100) | 92 (64–100) | |
White blood cell (/μL) | 17,500 (11,100–39,400) | 16,800 (2000–60,000) | 14,600 (1200–60,000) | |
Segmented neutrophil (/μL) | 15,708 (8769–34,145) | 16,544 (1120–53,400) | 15,327 (516–50,850) | |
Blood gas analysis (Vein) | ||||
pH | 7.29 (7.03–7.48) | 7.39 (6.86–7.49) | 7.32 (6.80–7.59) | |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 46 (29–81) | 38 (26–83) | 47 (21–139) | |
HCO3 (mmol/L) | 24.05 (18.7–30.8) | 22.1 (12.1–32.0) | 24.0 (13.0–39.2) | |
BE (mmol/L) | −1.5 (−9.5–4.6) | −2.4 (−18.7–8.0) | −2.15 (−21.0–13.6) | |
CRP (μg/mL) | 4.0 (0.3–14.3) | 2.6 (0.3–13.1) | 1.6 (0–21.0) |
Acid-Base Disorders | Number of Dogs in GC (%) | Number of Dogs in GA (%) |
---|---|---|
Total | 269 | 359 |
Acidosis | 43 (16.0%) | 234 (65.2%) |
Metabolic | 18 (6.7%) | 84 (23.4%) |
Nasal cavity | 0 | 4 (1.1%) |
Laryngopharynx | 9 (3.3%) | 7 (2.0%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 5 (1.9%) | 7 (2.0%) |
Lung | 4 (1.5%) | 59 (16.3%) |
Mediastinum/pleural cavity | 0 | 7 (2.0%) |
Respiratory | 23 (8.6%) | 107 (29.8%) |
Nasal cavity | 1 (0.4%) | 0 |
Laryngopharynx | 16 (6.0%) | 8 (2.2%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 6 (2.2%) | 3 (0.8%) |
Lung | 0 | 89 (24.8%) |
Mediastinum/pleural cavity | 0 | 7 (2.0%) |
Metabolic and respiratory | 2 (0.7%) | 43 (12.0%) |
Nasal cavity | 0 | 0 |
Laryngopharynx | 2 (0.7%) | 2 (0.6%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 0 | 0 |
Lung | 0 | 39 (10.8%) |
Mediastinum/pleural cavity | 0 | 2 (0.6%) |
Alkalosis | 226 (84.0%) | 125 (34.8%) |
Metabolic | 53 (19.7%) | 25 (7.0%) |
Nasal cavity | 11 (4.1%) | 0 |
Laryngopharynx | 17 (6.3%) | 1 (0.3%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 13 (4.8%) | 2 (0.6%) |
Lung | 12 (4.5%) | 20 (5.5%) |
Mediastinum/pleural cavity | 0 | 2 (0.6%) |
Respiratory | 173 (64.3%) | 100 (27.8%) |
Nasal cavity | 51 (19.0%) | 4 (1.1%) |
Laryngopharynx | 49 (18.2%) | 10 (2.8%) |
Trachea/bronchi | 49 (18.2%) | 13 (3.6%) |
Lung | 20 (7.4%) | 65 (18.1%) |
Mediastinum/pleural cavity | 4 (1.5%) | 8 (2.2%) |
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Nakazawa, Y.; Ohshima, T.; Kitagawa, M.; Nuruki, T.; Fujiwara-Igarashi, A. Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010027
Nakazawa Y, Ohshima T, Kitagawa M, Nuruki T, Fujiwara-Igarashi A. Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010027
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakazawa, Yuta, Takafumi Ohshima, Mami Kitagawa, Takaomi Nuruki, and Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi. 2024. "Relationship between Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, and Blood Test Results in Dogs with Chronic or Acute Respiratory Disease: A Retrospective Study" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 1: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010027