Effect of Nutritional Flushing Using Long-Term Energy and Protein Supplementation on Growth Performance and Reproductive Parameters of Doyogena Ewes in Ethiopia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Farmer Selection
2.3. Experimental Animals and Their Management
2.4. Experimental Feed Preparation and Management
2.5. Experimental Steup and Treatment Diets
2.6. Estrous Synchronization
2.7. Data Collection
2.7.1. Body Weight Measurements
2.7.2. Body Condition Score
2.7.3. Reproductive Traits
- ▪
- Estrous response (%) was determined by the number of ewes displaying standing estrous in each treatment group in relation to the total number of ewes.
- ▪
- The onset of estrous was defined as the midpoint between the last rejection and first acceptance by a mounting male, while the end of estrous was determined as halfway between the last acceptance and first rejection [15].
- ▪
- The duration of estrous was measured in hours, from the first to the last occurrence of standing estrous.
- ▪
- Conception rate (%) was calculated as the number of pregnant ewes divided by the number of ewes that exhibited estrous and were inseminated, multiplied by 100.
- ▪
- The lambing rate (%) was calculated as the number of ewes that gave birth divided by the number of pregnant ewes multiplied by 100.
- ▪
- The fecundity rate was calculated as the number of lambs born divided by the number of ewes inseminated, multiplied by 100.
- ▪
- The gestation period was defined as the duration between conception and parturition.
- ▪
- Litter size at birth was calculated as the number of lambs born divided by the number of ewes that gave birth.
- ▪
- The abortion rate was calculated as the number of ewes that were aborted divided by the number of ewes that were inseminated, multiplied by 100.
2.8. Chemical Analysis of Feeds
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Nutritional Flushing on Body Weight of Doyogena Ewes
3.2. Effects of Nutritional Flushing on Body Condition Score
3.3. Effects of Nutritional Flushing on the Reproductive Performance
3.3.1. Effect of Nutritional Flushing on Estrous
3.3.2. Effect of Nutritional Flushing on Conception, Gestation, Abortion, and Fecundity
3.3.3. Effect of Nutritional Flushing on Lambing Traits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrients | Natural Pasture | Supplements | |
---|---|---|---|
Enset Leaf | Commercial Concentrate | ||
DM (%) | 93.56 | 92.53 | 92.99 |
ASH | 10.98 | 6.34 | 11.30 |
CP (% DM) | 8.72 | 13.21 | 17.55 |
NDF (% DM) | 65.85 | 61.56 | 33.93 |
ADF (% DM) | 40.23 | 38.14 | 19.38 |
ADL (% DM) | 5.94 | 3.34 | 6.20 |
ME (MJ/kg) | 6.34 | 7.74 | 7.95 |
IVOMD | 45.67 | 56.31 | 55.21 |
Treatment (T) | Supplemental Diet | Total (% DM) | CP (% DM) | ME (MJ/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW1 | BW2 | BW1 | BW2 | BW1 | BW2 | ||
T0 | NP (control) | 1.10 | 1.46 | 9.52 | 12.7 | 6.9 | 9.2 |
T1 | NP + (250 g EL + 500 g CC/day) | 1.78 | 2.15 | 15.04 | 13.4 | 12.4 | 14.7 |
T2 | NP + (400 g EL + 500 g CC/day) | 1.93 | 2.29 | 14.89 | 14.6 | 13.5 | 15.8 |
T3 | NP + (500 g EL + 400 g CC/day) | 1.93 | 2.29 | 14.68 | 14.5 | 13.5 | 15.8 |
T4 | NP + (500 g EL + 250 g CC/day) | 1.78 | 2.15 | 14.45 | 13.4 | 12.4 | 14.7 |
Treatments (kg, Means) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | p-Value |
BW-I | 27.14 | 27.70 | 28.29 | 28.00 | 28.14 | 0.9106 |
BW-AI | 29.14 b | 32.86 a | 34.14 a | 33.07 a | 31.86 a | 0.0054 |
BW-P | 34.93 b | 37.14 a | 39.07 a | 38.93 a | 37.64 a | 0.0036 |
BW-L | 31.14 c | 34.43 ab | 36.14 a | 35.57 a | 32.79 c | 0.0011 |
Treatments | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | SEM | p-Value |
BCS-I | 2.53 | 2.51 | 2.56 | 2.54 | 2.53 | 0.17 | 0.9996 |
BCS-B | 2.57 b | 2.90 a | 3.07 a | 3.00 a | 2.79 ab | 0.18 | 0.0100 |
BCS-G | 2.71 c | 2.97 abc | 3.16 a | 3.03 ab | 2.86 bc | 0.16 | 0.0232 |
BCS-L | 2.79 b | 3.00 ab | 3.17 a | 3.04 ab | 2.83 b | 0.13 | 0.0227 |
Treatments (Means ± SEM) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | SEM | p-Value |
Estrous response rate (%) Onset of estrous (hours) | 71.4 c 46.65 ± 3.77 a | 100 a 35.39 ± 3.93 bc | 100 a 32.43 ± 5.77 c | 85.7 b 34.14 ± 6.08 c | 71.4 c 39.35 ± 4.54 b | 0.82542 | 0.001 0.001 |
Estrous duration (hours) | 24.66 ± 2.53 c | 30.33 ± 2.92 b | 35.46 ± 3.47 a | 34.63 ± 3.26 a | 29.04 ± 2.70 b | 0.001 | |
N | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | p-Value |
N | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | |
Conception rate (%) Gestation (days) | 66.67 c 151.43 a | 80 b 150.29 a | 100 a 150.00 a | 100 a 149.07 a | 100 a 150.57 a | 0.0001 0.9061 |
Fecundity rate (%) | 60 e | 100 d | 157.1 a | 133.3 b | 120 c | 0.0001 |
Treatments | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | p-Value |
Lambing rate (%) Litter size (mean ± SEM) | 60.0 d 1.50 ± 0.20 c | 71.4 b 1.75 ± 0.11 ab | 85.7 a 1.83 ± 0.06 a | 83.3 a 1.60 ± 0.22 bc | 66.67 c 1.50 ± 0.24 c | 0.0001 0.0052 |
Litter weight (kg, mean ± SEM) | 2.73 ± 0.088 c | 3.04 ± 0.117 bc | 3.39 ± 0.097 a | 3.19 ± 0.106 ab | 2.93 ± 0.091 bc | 0.0021 |
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Tesfaye, A.; Asmare, B.; Abiso, T.; Wamatu, J. Effect of Nutritional Flushing Using Long-Term Energy and Protein Supplementation on Growth Performance and Reproductive Parameters of Doyogena Ewes in Ethiopia. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060368
Tesfaye A, Asmare B, Abiso T, Wamatu J. Effect of Nutritional Flushing Using Long-Term Energy and Protein Supplementation on Growth Performance and Reproductive Parameters of Doyogena Ewes in Ethiopia. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(6):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060368
Chicago/Turabian StyleTesfaye, Asfaw, Bimrew Asmare, Tesfaye Abiso, and Jane Wamatu. 2023. "Effect of Nutritional Flushing Using Long-Term Energy and Protein Supplementation on Growth Performance and Reproductive Parameters of Doyogena Ewes in Ethiopia" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 6: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060368