Zinc Status of Horses and Ponies: Relevance of Health, Horse Type, Sex, Age, and Test Material
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Approval
2.2. Animals, Housing, and Feeding Regimen
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Zn Measurements
2.5. Establishment of a Reference Range
2.6. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plasma Zn Concentrations of the Hospitalized Horses and Ponies (Study Part 1)
3.1.1. Calculated Reference Range
3.1.2. Dependence on the Health Status of the Animals
3.1.3. Correlation with the Age of the Animals
3.1.4. Dependence on the Sex of the Animals
3.1.5. Dependence on the Horse Type
3.2. Zn Concentrations in the Mane Hair and Plasma of Healthy Adult Horses and Ponies (Study Part 2)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Population | n | Lower Reference Limit | Upper Reference Limit | Measured Plasma Zn Concentration 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | (538) | 4.40 | 31.2 | 14.1 | (0.82–64.3) |
Control group | (221) | 5.60 | 30.4 | 14.3 | (2.98–63.0) |
Patients with internal diseases | (317) | 4.30 | 31.3 | 13.8 | (0.82–64.3) |
Study Population | n | Plasma Zn 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Control group | (221) | 14.3 | (2.98–63.0) a |
Patients with | |||
gastrointestinal diseases | (188) | 13.2 | (2.02–56.4) a |
respiratory diseases | (40) | 12.6 | (4.42–48.6) a |
eye diseases | (22) | 14.9 | (4.63–64.3) a |
skin diseases | (4) | 14.1 | (7.32–16.9) a |
metabolic diseases | (21) | 17.5 | (7.13–29.0) b |
further diseases | (42) | 13.6 | (0.82–31.3) a |
Study Population | Sex | n | Plasma Zn | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | Mare | (248) | 13.9 | (2.02–34.5) | 0.872 |
Stallion | (71) | 14.3 | (4.42–31.8) | ||
Gelding | (219) | 14.2 | (0.82–64.3) | ||
Control group | Mare | (90) | 14.5 | (3.09–34.5) | 0.741 |
Stallion | (33) | 13.9 | (5.86–22.3) | ||
Gelding | (98) | 14.3 | (2.98–63.0) | ||
Patients with internal diseases | Mare | (158) | 13.5 | (2.02–33.4) | 0.769 |
Stallion | (38) | 14.7 | (4.42–31.8) | ||
Gelding | (121) | 13.9 | (0.82–64.3) |
Study Population | Horse Type | n | Plasma Zn | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | Ponies | (154) | 14.0 | (3.83–56.4) | 0.915 |
Horses | (384) | 14.1 | (0.82–64.3) | ||
Control group | Ponies | (57) | 14.3 | (3.83–32.8) | 0.495 |
Horses | (164) | 14.3 | (2.98–63.0) | ||
Patients with internal diseases | Ponies | (97) | 13.8 | (4.22–56.4) | 0.467 |
Horses | (220) | 13.7 | (0.82–64.3) |
p-Value (Polynomial Contrasts) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn Chloride Hydroxide | Zn Methionine | Interaction | Zn Chloride Hydroxide | Zn Methionine | Dose | Compound | ||||||||
Maintenance | 120 mg | 240 mg | Maintenance | 120 mg | 240 mg | Lin | Quad | Lin | Quad | Lin | Quad | |||
Plasma Zn (µmol/L) | 10.3 | 9.04 | 9.13 | 9.18 | 6.90 | 10.2 | 0.016 | 0.127 | 0.166 | 0.069 | <0.001 | - | - | - |
(7.57–12.6) | (8.23–10.5) | (7.80–11.5) | (6.82–11.2) | (5.05–10.0) | (7.47–14.0) | |||||||||
Mane hair Zn (mg/kg) | 128 | 126 | 139 | 125 | 133 | 135 | 0.057 | - | - | - | - | 0.003 | 0.292 | 0.074 |
(92.7–145) | (83.5–139) | (102–160) | (87.8–161) | (101–158) | (115–164) |
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van Bömmel-Wegmann, S.; Gehlen, H.; Barton, A.-K.; Büttner, K.; Zentek, J.; Paßlack, N. Zinc Status of Horses and Ponies: Relevance of Health, Horse Type, Sex, Age, and Test Material. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040295
van Bömmel-Wegmann S, Gehlen H, Barton A-K, Büttner K, Zentek J, Paßlack N. Zinc Status of Horses and Ponies: Relevance of Health, Horse Type, Sex, Age, and Test Material. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(4):295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040295
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan Bömmel-Wegmann, Sarah, Heidrun Gehlen, Ann-Kristin Barton, Kathrin Büttner, Jürgen Zentek, and Nadine Paßlack. 2023. "Zinc Status of Horses and Ponies: Relevance of Health, Horse Type, Sex, Age, and Test Material" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 4: 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040295