Penetration of Enrofloxacin in Aqueous Humour of Avian Eyes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Dosing and Sample Collection Protocols
2.3. Determination of Fluoroquinolones
2.4. Determination of Enrofloxacin/Ciprofloxacin Ratios
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of Enrofloxacin
3. Results
3.1. Tolerability of Enrofloxacin
3.2. Pharmacokinetics of Fluoroquinolones in Serum and Aqueous Humour
3.3. Metabolization of Enrofloxacin to Ciprofloxacin
3.4. Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility to Relevant Bacteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Fluoroquinolone Analysis
4.3. Pharmacokinetics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serum | Aqueous Humour | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range |
Cmax (µg/mL) | 10.67 ± 0.5 | 10.2–11.3 | 4.52 ± 1.2 | 3.2–6.6 |
tmax (h) | 2.82 ± 0.1 | 2.7–2.9 | 7.54 ± 1.0 | 6.2–8.7 |
AUC0-inf (µg·h/mL) | 155.40 ± 39.1 | 117.58–204.75 | 99.57 ± 26.8 | 71.88–137.83 |
MRT (h) | 9.52 ± 1.2 | 8.18–11.28 | 16.03 ± 1.9 * | 12.84–17.89 |
Vd (L/kg) | 1.11 ± 0.2 | 0.88–1.46 | 3.16 ± 0.91 * | 1.97–4.2 |
Cl (L/h/kg) | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.18–0.21 | 0.27 ± 0.06 * | 0.18–0.35 |
t1/2 ß (h) | 4.36 ± 0.38 | 4.07–5.06 | 8.79 ± 0.93 * | 7.54–10.37 |
Serum | Aqueous Humour | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time Point | ENR (µg/mL) | CPR (µg/mL) | Proportion of CPR (%) | ENR (µg/mL) | CPR (µg/mL) | Proportion of CPR (%) |
1 h | 8.74 | 0.17 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.02 | 1.4 |
4 h | 6.53 | 0.72 | 9.9 | 1.46 | 0.05 | 3.3 |
8 h | 4.93 | 0.71 | 12.6 | 1.48 | 0.08 | 5.4 |
Bacteria | MIC | Avian Host | Geographic Area | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salmonella enteritidis | 0.0625–1 µg/mL | Broiler | South Korea | [22] |
Salmonella typhimurium | 0.12–16 µg/mL | Chicken | China | [23] |
Mycoplasmopsis (Mycoplasma) synoviae | 4–32 µg/mL | Chicken | China | [24] |
0.031–32 µg/mL | Poultry | Europe | [25] | |
0.625–>10 µg/mL | Chicken | Asia | [26] | |
1.0–>16 µg/mL | Poultry | Italy | [27] | |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum | 0.031–16 µg/mL | Poultry | Europe | [25] |
≤0.039–5 µg/mL | Chicken | Asia | [26] | |
Escherichia coli | 8–256 µg/mL | Chicken | Asia | [23] |
0.5 µg/mL | Chicken | Asia | [28] | |
0.016–>16 µg/mL | Poultry | Germany | [29] |
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Fuchs, K.; Rinder, M.; Dietrich, R.; Banspach, L.; Ammer, H.; Korbel, R. Penetration of Enrofloxacin in Aqueous Humour of Avian Eyes. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010005
Fuchs K, Rinder M, Dietrich R, Banspach L, Ammer H, Korbel R. Penetration of Enrofloxacin in Aqueous Humour of Avian Eyes. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuchs, Katrin, Monika Rinder, Richard Dietrich, Leena Banspach, Hermann Ammer, and Rüdiger Korbel. 2023. "Penetration of Enrofloxacin in Aqueous Humour of Avian Eyes" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010005