Measured Indoor Environmental Data in a Retrofitted Multiapartment Building to Assess Energy Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Winter Power Outages
Abstract
:1. Summary
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- flexibility achieved thanks to thermal storage (in winter) in the building fabric of a building with a very good thermal envelope as a result of a deep retrofit;
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- thermal safety assessment in a whole multi-apartment block;
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- verification of the appropriateness of using air temperature as a proxy of operative temperature as a comfort parameter in the specific case study;
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- full measurements of boundary conditions (temperatures of thermal zones adjacent to the one under study, weather data including solar irradiance).
- the development of demand-side flexibility strategies of a single building and for preliminary design of a Positive Energy District;
- studies on future implications of the expected electrification of most or all energy uses in buildings;
- the creation of quality data for calibration of BEMs (Building Energy Models);
- a better quantification of co-benefits of deep retrofit of existing buildings.
2. Data Description
2.1. Case Study Description
2.2. Database 1: Experimental Data in the Test Apartment during the Flexibility Tests
- Time (column A);
- Living room air temperature at 1.7 m above the floor (Tair_room_1.7—column B);
- Globe thermometric temperature of living room (Tglobe_room—column C);
- Living room air temperature at 1.1 m above the floor (Tair_room_1.1—column D);
- Living room surface temperatures such as:
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- The wall adjacent to the bedroom (Ts_Wall_R—column E);
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- The wall along the hallway (Ts_Wall_Hall—column F);
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- The wall adjacent to the kitchen (Ts_Wall_L—column G);
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- The window (Ts_Window—column H);
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- The wall next to the window (Ts_Wall_W—column I);
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- The floor (Ts_Floor—column J);
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- The ceiling (Ts_Ceiling—column K);
- Bedroom1 air temperature (Tair_ind1—column L);
- Bedroom2 air temperature (Tair_ind2—column M);
- Bathroom air temperature (Tair_ind3—column N);
- Kitchen air temperature (Tair_ind4—column O);
- Entrance air temperature (Tair_ind5—column P);
- Stairwell temperature (Tair_adj1—column Q);
- Downstair flat (Tair_adj2—column R);
- Flat upstairs (Tair_adj3—column S);
- Adjacent flat (Tair_adj4—column T);
- Outdoor air temperature (Tair_out—column U);
- Global horizontal solar irradiance (Gs—column V);
- Relative humidity of the living room (RH_room—column W);
- Outdoor relative humidity (RH_out—column X).
2.3. Database 2: Field Data in the Apartments during the Unplanned Energy Interruptions
- Sheet “January event”:
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- Time (column A);
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- Global horizontal solar irradiance (Gs—column B);
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- Outdoor air temperature (Tair_out—column C);
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- Air temperature of the flats during January power outage event (N°Apartm-zone—from column D to column AN);
- Sheet “February event”:
- ◦
- Time (column A);
- ◦
- Global horizontal solar irradiance (Gs—column B);
- ◦
- Outdoor air temperature (Tair_out—column C);
- ◦
- Air temperature of the flats during February power outage event (N°Apartm-zone—from column D to column AU).
3. Methods of Data Collection and Processing
3.1. Methodology
3.1.1. Database 1: Experimental Data (Single Apartment)
- Charging phase: Charging of the thermal mass of the unoccupied flat by increasing the indoor air temperature using direct electric resistance heaters which can be operated remotely, both for turning them on or off and for selecting a temperature set point. Additional fans were used to ensure air temperature uniformity across the apartment. The air temperature evolution is measured and recorded.
- Discharging phase: The electric resistance heaters are turned off, and the evolution of the indoor air temperature is recorded, in parallel to measurements of surface temperature, temperatures of adjacent spaces, outdoor conditions, etc. The time interval during which the apartment remains within the comfort range (according to ISO 16798 [27]) and in conditions of thermal safety (according to ASHRAE transactions—2016 [28]) is evaluated.
3.1.2. Database 2: Field Data (Whole Building)
3.2. Measured Parameters and Measurement Equipment
3.2.1. Database 1: Experimental Data (Single Apartment)
- Indoor air temperature: Thermistor NTC 10 kΩ (accuracy: ±0.2 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C);
- Surface temperature: PT100 probe (accuracy: ±0.1 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C);
- Globe temperature: PT100 probe (accuracy: ±0.15 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C), black globe (total emissivity: 0.95; diameter: 15 cm);
- Outdoor air temperature, at the building site: Thermistor NTC 10 kΩ (accuracy: ±0.2 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C);
- Horizontal global solar irradiance at a weather station, 6 km away: Pyranometer (thermopile) (accuracy: ±1 W/m2, max value: 2000 W/m2);
- Indoor relative humidity: CMOSens technology (accuracy: ±2%, resolution: 0.05%);
- Outdoor relative humidity: capacitive sensor (accuracy: ±1%, resolution: 0.1%).
3.2.2. Database 2: Field Data (Whole Building)
- Indoor air temperature: Thermistor NTC 10 kΩ (accuracy: ±0.2 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C);
- Outdoor air temperature: Thermistor NTC 10 kΩ (accuracy: ±0.2 °C, resolution: 0.01 °C);
- Horizontal global solar irradiance: Pyranometer (thermopile) (accuracy: ±1 W/m2, max value: 2000 W/m2).
3.3. Data Cleaning and Processing
3.4. Data Validation
4. Graphical Representation of Some of the Data Contained in the Dataset
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specific subject area | Measured building indoor environmental data, building thermal behavior, energy flexibility measures, thermal comfort, thermal safety. |
Type of data |
Two databases in spreadsheet format (.xlsx):
|
Data source location | City/Town/Region: Milan, Lombardy. Country: Italy. |
Climate | Cfa according to Köppen climate classification. |
Related research article | S. Erba, A. Barbieri, Retrofitting Buildings into Thermal Batteries for Demand-Side Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Power Outages in Winter. Energies, 2022 [25]. |
ID Test | Charge | Load-Shifting | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Date Start [dd/mm hh:mm] | Date Start [dd/mm hh:mm] | Date Stop [dd/mm hh:mm] | Tout Avg (min; max) [°C] | |
F2_22_2 | 16/01 00:50 | 18/01 09:20 | 20/01 15:00 | 5.2 (0.5; 11.4) |
F2_22_3 | 20/01 15:10 | 21/01 12:10 | 25/01 03:10 | 2.2 (−2.7; 6.9) |
F2_22_4 | 26/01 08:40 | 28/01 08:40 | 30/01 08:40 | 5.9 (−0.6; 15.7) |
F2_22_5 | 30/01 08:50 | 03/02 17:30 | 12/02 07:20 | 7.8 (0.6; 15) |
F2_22_6 | 12/02 07:40 | 14/02 16:00 | 16/02 16:00 | 3.7 (0.5; 9) |
F2_22_7 | 17/02 17:30 | 18/02 17:30 | 21/02 08:40 | 9.5 (5.4; 15.2) |
F2_22_8 | 21/02 09:40 | 21/02 16:50 | 02/03 09:00 | 8.8 (−0.3; 19) |
F2_22_9 | 02/03 09:10 | 03/03 00:20 | 05/03 19:20 | 8.5 (4.1; 15.1) |
F2_22_10 | 05/03 19:30 | 07/03 19:10 | 20/03 10:30 | 9.1 (−1; 16.5) |
F2_22_11 | 29/03 10:20 | 30/03 17:50 | 10/04 13:40 | 11.9 (3.9; 24) |
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Erba, S.; Barbieri, A. Measured Indoor Environmental Data in a Retrofitted Multiapartment Building to Assess Energy Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Winter Power Outages. Data 2022, 7, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070100
Erba S, Barbieri A. Measured Indoor Environmental Data in a Retrofitted Multiapartment Building to Assess Energy Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Winter Power Outages. Data. 2022; 7(7):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070100
Chicago/Turabian StyleErba, Silvia, and Alessandra Barbieri. 2022. "Measured Indoor Environmental Data in a Retrofitted Multiapartment Building to Assess Energy Flexibility and Thermal Safety during Winter Power Outages" Data 7, no. 7: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070100