Biogenic Amines Determination in “Plant Milks”
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Cereal based: Oat milk, rice milk, corn milk, spelt milk, millet milk;
- Legume based: Soy milk, peanut milk, lupin milk, cowpea milk;
- Nut based: Almond milk, coconut milk, hazelnut milk, pistachio milk, walnut milk;
- Seed based: Sesame milk, flax milk, hemp milk, sunflower milk;
- Pseudo-cereal based: Quinoa milk, teff milk, amaranth milk, buckwheat milk.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Biogenic Amines Extraction and Derivatization
2.4. HPLC Analysis
2.5. Results Expression
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biogenic Amines Determination
3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Milk Sample | % Cereal | Milk Sample | % Cereal |
---|---|---|---|
SPELT 1 | 16.0 | BARLEY 1 | 17.0 |
SPELT 2 | 15.0 | BARLEY 2 | 15.0 |
SPELT 3 | 15.0 | BARLEY 3 | 17.0 |
OATS 1 | 14.0 | BARLEY 4 | 15.0 |
OATS 2 | 11.0 | QUINOA 1 | 8.0 |
OATS 3 | 10.0 | QUINOA 2 | 8.0 |
MILLET 1 | 16.0 | QUINOA 3 | 4.0 |
MILLET 2 | 16.0 | QUINOA 4 | 8.0 |
MILLET 3 | 15.0 | RICE 1 | 12.5 |
MILLET 4 | 15.0 | RICE 2 | 12.0 |
MILLET 5 | 17.0 | RICE 3 | 17.0 |
RICE 4 | 14.0 |
CAD | HIS | TYR | SPD | SPM | TOT BA | BAI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spelt | 0.77 ± 0.35 | 5.76 ± 0.77 | 0.11 * | n.d. | n.d. | 6.61 ± 0.70 | 6.53 ± 0.73 |
range | 0.49 − 1.17 | 5.26 − 6.64 | − | − | − | 5.97 − 7.36 | 5.86 − 7.3 |
Oat | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 7.20 ± 0.77 | n.d. | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 8.58 ± 0.66 | 4.66 ± 0.79 |
range | 0.64 − 0.71 | 6.59 − 8.06 | - | 0.46 − 0.69 | 0.1 − 0.17 | 7.99 − 9.29 | 4.07 − 5.56 |
Millet | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 7.47 ± 0.85 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | n.d. | n.d. | 7.72 ± 0.86 | 7.58 ± 0.90 |
range | n.d. − 0.23 | 6.14 − 8.37 | n.d. − 0.25 | − | − | 6.47 − 8.72 | 6.22 − 8.60 |
Barley | 3.10 ± 1.63 | 2.55 ± 0.86 | 0.43 ± 0.15 | 0.21 ± 0.10 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 5.11 ± 3.01 | 3.20 ± 1.81 |
range | 1.47 − 5.36 | n.d. − 3.15 | 0.28 − 0.62 | n.d. − 0.31 | n.d. − 0.14 | 1.92 − 8.32 | 1.27 − 5.21 |
Quinoa | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 7.10 ± 0.41 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | n.d. | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 7.98 ± 0.50 | 6.88 ± 0.30 |
range | 0.52 − 0.68 | 6.77 − 7.69 | 0.10 − 0.22 | − | n.d. − 0.14 | 7.46 − 8.67 | 6.68 − 7.32 |
Rice | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 4.90 ± 2.00 | 0.14 * | n.d. | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 5.18 ± 1.97 | 4.68 ± 2.19 |
range | n.d. − 0.25 | 3.10 − 7.44 | − | − | n.d. − 0.17 | 3.51 − 7.77 | 2.78 − 7.33 |
Milk Sample | CAD | HIS | TYR | SPD | SPM | TOT BA | BAI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barley-Millet | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | - | 0.1398 | 0.0192 | <0.0001 |
Barley-Rice | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | <0.0001 | - | 0.4689 | 0.3356 | 0.0089 |
Barley-Quinoa | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | - | 0.6063 | 0.0170 | 0.0002 |
Barley-Oat | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0060 | 0.4164 | 0.0108 | <0.0001 |
Barley-Spelt | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | - | - | 0.1513 | 0.0001 |
Rice-Millet | 0.9982 | 0.0152 | 0.3533 | - | 0.0674 | 0.0613 | 0.0038 |
Rice-Oat | 0.3115 | 0.0489 | 0.3970 | - | 0.9310 | 0.0312 | 0.0468 |
Rice-Quinoa | 0.3355 | 0.0424 | 0.2401 | - | 0.8000 | 0.0517 | 0.0783 |
Rice-Spelt | 0.2337 | 0.4413 | 0.9916 | - | - | 0.3356 | 0.0486 |
Oat-Spelt | 0.8598 | 0.2295 | 0.4021 | - | - | 0.2211 | 0.0009 |
Oat-Quinoa | 0.9017 | 0.9299 | 0.0642 | - | 0.7298 | 0.6858 | 0.0012 |
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Gobbi, L.; Ciano, S.; Rapa, M.; Ruggieri, R. Biogenic Amines Determination in “Plant Milks”. Beverages 2019, 5, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020040
Gobbi L, Ciano S, Rapa M, Ruggieri R. Biogenic Amines Determination in “Plant Milks”. Beverages. 2019; 5(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020040
Chicago/Turabian StyleGobbi, Laura, Salvatore Ciano, Mattia Rapa, and Roberto Ruggieri. 2019. "Biogenic Amines Determination in “Plant Milks”" Beverages 5, no. 2: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020040
APA StyleGobbi, L., Ciano, S., Rapa, M., & Ruggieri, R. (2019). Biogenic Amines Determination in “Plant Milks”. Beverages, 5(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020040