Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the development of this research article. Conceptualization, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., and J.S.A.; methodology, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.S.A., R.C.H., Y.W.; validation, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.S.A.; formal analysis, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.S.A.; investigation, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., and J.S.A.; resources, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.S.A., Y.W., R.C.H.; data curation, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.S.A.; writing—original draft preparation, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.A, L.A.W., Y.W., D.H.B., R.C.H., J.E.W., and G.E.G.; writing—review and editing, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., J.A, L.A.W., Y.W., D.H.B., R.C.H., J.E.W., and G.E.G.; visualization, C.J.B., and J.S.A.; supervision, C.J.B., M.B., and J.S.A.; project administration, J.S.A.; funding acquisition, C.J.B., M.B., H.S., and J.S.A.
Figure 1.
Views of computer aided design (CAD) stent with dimensions displayed in orthographic view (A) and in perspective view (B).
Figure 1.
Views of computer aided design (CAD) stent with dimensions displayed in orthographic view (A) and in perspective view (B).
Figure 2.
Views of CAD collagen injection molding chamber (A) and maturation plug (B) with dimensions displayed. CAD collagen injection molding chamber with maturation plug inserted (C) and with stent placement (D). Images of 3D printed actual crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (XL-PVA) stents, over a maturation plug (E) and with the injection molding chambers (F).
Figure 2.
Views of CAD collagen injection molding chamber (A) and maturation plug (B) with dimensions displayed. CAD collagen injection molding chamber with maturation plug inserted (C) and with stent placement (D). Images of 3D printed actual crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (XL-PVA) stents, over a maturation plug (E) and with the injection molding chambers (F).
Figure 3.
Images of CAD stent in (A), X-ray images of 3D printed XL-PVA stents with barium coated tips (B; 1 and 2), and X-ray image of control XL-PVA stents (C; 3 and 4). Black arrows point to regions of interest containing barium sulfate (scale bar = 25 mm).
Figure 3.
Images of CAD stent in (A), X-ray images of 3D printed XL-PVA stents with barium coated tips (B; 1 and 2), and X-ray image of control XL-PVA stents (C; 3 and 4). Black arrows point to regions of interest containing barium sulfate (scale bar = 25 mm).
Figure 4.
Chart displaying average masses of XL-PVA in hydrated and dehydrated forms. (**** = p < 0.0001).
Figure 4.
Chart displaying average masses of XL-PVA in hydrated and dehydrated forms. (**** = p < 0.0001).
Figure 5.
Phase microscopy images of confluent human placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) (A) (scale bar = 400 μm) and cholangiocytes (B) (scale bar = 200 μm).
Figure 5.
Phase microscopy images of confluent human placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) (A) (scale bar = 400 μm) and cholangiocytes (B) (scale bar = 200 μm).
Figure 6.
Chart displaying average diameter of control collagen gels and PMSC seeded collagen gels at days 0–7 days (A). Images on right show collagen gels seed with PMSCs at day 0 (B), day 3 (C), day 5 (D), and day 7 (E). (**** = p < 0.0001).
Figure 6.
Chart displaying average diameter of control collagen gels and PMSC seeded collagen gels at days 0–7 days (A). Images on right show collagen gels seed with PMSCs at day 0 (B), day 3 (C), day 5 (D), and day 7 (E). (**** = p < 0.0001).
Figure 7.
Images of 3D printed XL-PVA stents with maturation plug and collagen/PMSC at day 5 (A) and with plug removed (B,C).
Figure 7.
Images of 3D printed XL-PVA stents with maturation plug and collagen/PMSC at day 5 (A) and with plug removed (B,C).
Figure 8.
Cryo-SEM images of XL-PVA with cholangiocytes on the surface (A,B). Cryo-SEM images of collagen with cholangiocytes on the surface (C,D). (A and C, scale bar = 200 μm) and (B and D, scale bar = 50 μm).
Figure 8.
Cryo-SEM images of XL-PVA with cholangiocytes on the surface (A,B). Cryo-SEM images of collagen with cholangiocytes on the surface (C,D). (A and C, scale bar = 200 μm) and (B and D, scale bar = 50 μm).
Figure 9.
Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the outer stent surface (A,B), and image of outer stent (C). Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the inner stent surface (D,E) and image of inner lumen of stent (F) at day 7. (A and B, scale bar = 400 μm). (D, scale bar =200 μm). (E, scale bar = 100 μm).
Figure 9.
Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the outer stent surface (A,B), and image of outer stent (C). Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the inner stent surface (D,E) and image of inner lumen of stent (F) at day 7. (A and B, scale bar = 400 μm). (D, scale bar =200 μm). (E, scale bar = 100 μm).
Figure 10.
Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the outer stent surface (A) and of inner stent surface (B). (A and B, scale bar = 1000 μm). Images of H&E stain of outer stent surface (C) and of inner stent surface (D). (C and D, scale bar = 400 μm) (Arrows = cholangiocyte layer, and triangles = 3D printed XL-PVA area).
Figure 10.
Images of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence (blue) staining of cholangiocytes on the outer stent surface (A) and of inner stent surface (B). (A and B, scale bar = 1000 μm). Images of H&E stain of outer stent surface (C) and of inner stent surface (D). (C and D, scale bar = 400 μm) (Arrows = cholangiocyte layer, and triangles = 3D printed XL-PVA area).